metabolic problems/nutrition Flashcards
1
Q
perfect fibre length for cow diet
A
2-4 cm
2
Q
loose silage in clamp undergoes what
A
- aerobic fermentation
- heat production
- it rots
3
Q
cons of self feed silage
A
- cow may not be able to get food off clamp easily due to it being tightly packed
- in cold weather in winter cows may be less inclined to go out for food
4
Q
way to stop over grazing cows on pasture
A
give a buffer feed before you turn them out
5
Q
cow comfort index define
A
85% should be lying down an hour before milking
6
Q
low fibre diet will do what to milk
A
decrease the milk fat
7
Q
good milk fat level
A
4.2%
8
Q
good milk protein level
A
3.4%
9
Q
dung scoring is
A
1-5
10
Q
dung score 1
A
loose and watery
11
Q
dung score 2
A
like custard
it splatters far
12
Q
dung score 3
A
perfect
sounds like slow clapping
doesnt stick to boot
13
Q
dung score 4
A
thick heavy consistency
forms a stack
sticks to boot
14
Q
dung score 5
A
stiff
boot leaves an impression
15
Q
when best times for quaterly blood samples dairy herd
A
- soon after spring turn out on grass
- mid to late summer
- soon after housing
- mid winter
16
Q
fasting omnivore what main energy supply
A
- protein from muscle
- fatty acid from adipose tissue
- glycerol from adipose tissue
17
Q
in starvation what happens different from fasting
A
ketone bodies are made by liver
18
Q
difference between ketone bodies and long chain fatty acids
A
ketone bodies can cross the blood brain barrier
19
Q
main energy source for ruminant
A
- volatile fatty acids from GIT
- long chain fatty acids from liver made from volatile fatty acids
20
Q
what happens in ruminant with high energy demands
A
makes ketone bodies for extra energy
21
Q
define distension feedback
A
when rumen is filled cow wont eat anymore
22
Q
cons of distension feedback
A
rumen will grow with time
23
Q
volatile fatty acids and apetitie
A
depresses it
24
Q
butyrate and rumen
A
caues ruminal stasis
25
water drunk with dry food and VFI
little effect
26
water in plant and VFI
will reduce it
27
high non-starch polysaccharides in feed and intestines
slow the food transit through intestines
28
chopping non starch polysaccharides and intestine flow rate
speeds it up so less absorption time
29
feeding high plane of nutrition and transit time
increases transit time through intestines
30
define inert fill
putting something in abdominal cavity to reduce feed intake and so increase flow rate. seen in pregnancy
31
4 theories on post digestive feedback
- glucostatic theory
- hepatic oxidation theory
- thermostatic theory
- lipostatic theory
32
define glucostatic theory and ruminants
- if eat lots of sugar will stop eating as nauseous
| - cows have less sugar receptors to will just get acidosis
33
pigs and glucostatic theory
pigs are sensitive to sugar
34
hepatic oxidation theory define
low ATP in liver will increase vagal stimulation
| - ATP sources are VFA, BHBA, and NEFA seen in negative energy balance
35
thermostatic theory define
eat to maintain body temperature
36
thermostatic theory and cows
not really true as rumen is hot
37
lipostatic theory define
high body fat causes animal to eat less
| - not very strong as we have been breeding against this
38
negative energy balance causes reduced
plasma leptin so eat more
39
the most digestible fibre cow diet
hemicellulose
40
least digestible fibre cow diet
lignin
41
define neutral detergent fibre
the lower it is the better quality food it is as its high in solubles
42
acid detergent fibre define
- amount of residue remaining after boiling a sample in an acid detergent solution
- the higher it is the more indigestible it is
43
1kg of body fat loss if (MJ)
25 MJ
44
tanins cause (2)
- oak poisoning if eat a lot, GIT ulcerations which lets toxins in and death
- reduced palatibility
45
lectins are found in
legumes
46
lectins in diet lead to
poor food utilization and impaired growth
47
glucosinolates found in
cabbage/oil seed rape
48
glucosinolates cause (cow)
- defects in thyroid function
| - unpalatable
49
saponins similar to
glucosinolates
50
define picca
eating or licking weird things e.g. walls
51
sporadic individual casses of pica due to (3)
- primary or secondary brain disorders
- toxicity
- metabolic dx
52
herd outbreaks of pica can be due to (3)
- phosphorus deficiency
- parasites
- obesity
53
regulation of magnesium
- no regulation
- no storage or increased uptake
- if surplus then excreted in urine
54
7 clinical signs of lack of magnesium
- staggers
- grass tetany
- hyperaesthesia
- ear twitching
- champs jaw
- sudden death
- muscle twitching
55
fresh grass magnesium
low
56
what inhibits magnesium uptake in the gut (2)
- potassium
| - nitrogen
57
define hyperaesthesia
more sensitive senses
58
hypocalcaemia causes (2)
- acute muscle paralysis
| - milk fever
59
what limits calcium in blood (2)
- PTH
| - vit D
60
6 subclinical signs hypocalcaemia
- hypersensitivity
- excitable
- tremors
- ear twitching
- ataxia
- bloat
61
7 subclinical signs hypocalcaemia
- sternal recumbency
- depressed
- dry muzzle
- cold extremities
- bloat
- no pooing
- delayed/absent pupil response
62
5 severe clinical signs hypocalcaemia
- lateral recumbency
- flaccid muscle
- low cardiac output
- unresponsive
- bloat
63
DCAB define
dietary cation anion balance diet
64
2 cation in DCAB diet
- sodium
| - potassium
65
2 anion in DCAB diet
- chloride
| - sulphate
66
calculate DCAB
(Na + K) - (Cl + S)
67
DCAB should be less than
200 mmol/kg dry matter
68
phosphorus deficiency diagnos
no response to calcium or magnesium
69
low blood phosphorus causes
downer cow
70
fat horses predisposed to (4)
- laminitis
- abnormal reproductive function
- low insulin sensitivity
- increased tumour necrosis factor
71
define epigenetics
predisposition to things due to things that happen to mum when shes pregnant
72
why foals born to mums with sub optimum nutrition predisposed to fat
- low pancreatic weight so low beta cells and impaired glucose haemostasis
73
define thrifty gene
increases chances of survival in winter by minimising energy loss and increasing fat storage.
insulin resistance
74
adipose tissue produces
tumour necrosis factor so chronically inflamed
75
decreased adiponectin and blood
decreases blood flow
76
equine metabolic syndrome define (4)
- causes insulin resistance
- weight gain
- lamanitic
- unusual fat distribution
77
high fat or high starch what is less calories
they are both the same
78
horses fed on grass and weight
lots of calories so obese
79
2 ways to tell if horse is getting enough food on a new diet
- weight poo then if doesnt poo enough then it isnt getting enough. if poo stays the same then reduce intake
- if can fill a carrier bag with grass in under 2 hours then there is too much
80
way to reduce calories in hay
soaking it
81
fat horses predisposed to (4)
- laminitis
- abnormal reproductive function
- low insulin sensitivity
- increased tumour necrosis factor
82
define epigenetics
predisposition to things due to things that happen to mum when shes pregnant
83
why foals born to mums with sub optimum nutrition predisposed to fat
- low pancreatic weight so low beta cells and impaired glucose haemostasis
84
define thrifty gene
increases chances of survival in winter by minimising energy loss and increasing fat storage.
insulin resistance
85
adipose tissue produces
tumour necrosis factor so chronically inflamed
86
decreased adiponectin and blood
decreases blood flow
87
equine metabolic syndrome define (4)
- causes insulin resistance
- weight gain
- lamanitic
- unusual fat distribution
88
high fat or high starch what is less calories
they are both the same
89
horses fed on grass and weight
lots of calories so obese
90
2 ways to tell if horse is getting enough food on a new diet
- weight poo then if doesnt poo enough then it isnt getting enough. if poo stays the same then reduce intake
- if can fill a carrier bag with grass in under 2 hours then there is too much
91
way to reduce calories in hay
soaking it
92
excess calcium in the diet can lead to dog (3)
- osteochondrosis
- panosteitis
- wobblers syndrome in young dogs
93
calcium deficiency in diet can cause
hyperparathyroidism
94
deficiency in vit D cause in dogs
- rickets
| - bowed legs
95
protein deficiency in growing dogs causes
dilated cardiomyopathy
96
taurine deficiency cats causes (2)
- dilated cardiomyopathy
| - retinal degeneration
