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Biochemistry > Metabolic Pathways > Flashcards

Metabolic Pathways Flashcards

0
Q

Glycolysis: where

A

Cytoplasm

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1
Q

Glycolysis: What

A

Converts glucose to 3 carbon compounds

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2
Q

Glycolysis: substrate

A

Glucose

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3
Q

Glycolysis: end product

A

Pyruvate/ lactate (also NADH)

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4
Q

Glycolysis: rate limiting step

A

F6P to F1,6BP E: phosphofructokinase

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5
Q

Hexokinase is inhibited by

A

G6P

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6
Q

Glucokinase is inhibites by

A

Fructose 6P

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7
Q

Activates PFK 1

A

Fructose 2,6 BP

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8
Q

PFK is inhibited by

A

ATP ad citrate

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9
Q

Shuttle NADH

A

Malate aspartate shuttle; glycerol phosphate shuttle

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10
Q

Strictly glycolytic organs

A

RBC, lens, cornea, kidney medulla, testes, WBC

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11
Q

TCA: what for

A

ATP, gluceneogensis from skeletons of aa, building blocks for aa and heme(succinyk)

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12
Q

TCa: where?

A

Mitohondria exept succinate dehdrogenase in inner membrane

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13
Q

TCA: substrate

A

Acetyl coa

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14
Q

TCA: product

A

CO2, GTP, NADH, FADH2

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15
Q

TCA: rate limiting

A

Isocitrate to a ketoglutarate(via isocitrate dehydrogenase)

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16
Q

Inhibits citrate to isocitrate step(found in rat poison)

A

Fluoroacetate

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17
Q

TCA intermediate delivers acetyl coA to cytoplasm for FA synthesis via citrate shuttle

A

Citrate

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18
Q

TCA intermediate: heme synthesis and activation of ketone bodies

A

Succinyl coA

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19
Q

TCA intermediate: used for gluconeogensis

A

Malate

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20
Q

Gluconeogenesis: what for

A

Glucose from: TCA ang glycolysis intermediates; glycerol; lactate; a ketoacids (glucogenic amino acids)

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21
Q

Gluconeogenesis: where

A

Liver and kidney; mitochondria and cytoplams

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22
Q

Gluconeogenesis: substrate

A

Pyruvate

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23
Q

Gluconeogenesis: product

A

Glucose

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24
Q

Gluconeogenesis: rate limiting step

A

F1,6BP to F6P (fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase)

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25
Q

All carboxylase require this as a co factor

A

Biotin

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26
Q

Carboxylase reactions

A

Pyruvate to OAA(pyruvate carboxylase); acetyl coA to malonyl CoA(acetyl coA carboxylase); propionyl CoA(propionyl CoA)

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27
Q

Fructose 2,6 BP promotes glycolysis and hinders glucneogensis via its action on?

A

PFK 1- inhibition; F1,6 BP inhibition

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28
Q

Glycogenesis: what for

A

Synthesis of new glycogen molecules from a-D glucose

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29
Q

Glycogenesis: where

A

Liver and muscle; cytosok

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30
Q

Glycogenesis: substrates

A

UDP glucose; ATP and UTP; glycogenin

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31
Q

Glycogenesis: product

A

Glycogen

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32
Q

Glycogenesis: rate limiting

A

Glycogen elongation- Glycogen synthase

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33
Q

Glycogenolysis: what for

A

Produce molecules of a-D- glucose

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34
Q

Glycogenolysis: where

A

Liver and muscles

35
Q

Glycogenolysis: substrate

A

Glycogen; limit dextrin

36
Q

Glycogenolysis: products

A

Glucose 1-P and free glcose

37
Q

Glycogenolysis: rate limiting step

A

Removal of glucose (breaks a 1-4 bonds) (glycogen phosphorylase)

38
Q

In what metabolic pahway so you find aldolase A

A

Glyolysis

39
Q

In what metabolic pahway so you find aldolase B

A

Fructose metabolism

40
Q

Mannose 6-P to fructose 6-P what enzyme?

A

Phosphomannose isomerase

41
Q

Glucose to sorbitol is mediated by what enzyme

A

Aldose reductase

42
Q

Sorbitol to fructose is mediaed by what enzyme

A

Sorbitol dehydrogenase

43
Q

Pentose phosphate pathway: what for

A

Produces NADPH, ribose 5 phosphate, metabolic use of 5 C sugars

44
Q

Pentose phosphate pathway: where

A

Cystoplasm; lipid producing tissues

45
Q

Pentose phosphate pathway: substrates

A

Glucose 6-P

46
Q

Pentose phosphate pathway: products

A

Ribose 5 P, fructose 6 P, glyceraldehyde 3P, NADPH

47
Q

Pentose phosphate pathway: rate limiting

A

Glucose 6 P to 6 phosphogluconate (glucose 6P dehdyrogenase)

48
Q

Transketolases require what vitamin

A

Thiamine

49
Q

Fatty acid synthesis: whatnfir

A

Palmitate

50
Q

Fatty acid synthesis: where

A

Cytosol

51
Q

Fatty acid synthesis: substrates

A

1 acetyl coa, 7malonyl co-, NADPH and ATP

52
Q

Fatty acid synthesis: product

A

Palmitate

53
Q

Fatty acid synthesis: rate limiting step

A

Acetyl coa+ ATP to malonyl CoA (acetyl CoA carboxylase)

54
Q

Steps in assembly of palmitate

A

Condensaion, reduction, dehydration, reduction

55
Q

Ketogenesis: what for?

A

Converts acetyl coA to ketone bodies

56
Q

Ketogenesis: where

A

Mitochondria

57
Q

Ketogenesis: substrate

A

Acetyl coA

58
Q

Ketogenesis: products

A

Ketone bodied, acetone

59
Q

Ketogenesis: rate limitig step

A

Acretoacetyl coA +acetyl coA to HMG coA (HMG CoA synthase)

60
Q

Why cant the liver degraebprncknvert acetoacetate to CoA

A

It lacks succinyl coA acetoacetyl CoA transferase (thiophrase)

61
Q

Cholesterol synthesis: what for

A

De novo synthesis of cholesterol

62
Q

Cholesterol synthesis: where

A

All cells, cytosol and smooth ER; liver and INTESTINES

63
Q

Cholesterol synthesis: substrates

A

Acetyl coA, NADPH, ATP

64
Q

Cholesterol synthesis: products

A

Lanosterol- cholesterol

65
Q

Cholesterol synthesis: rate limiting

A

HMG coA to mevalonate (HMG coA reductase)

66
Q

Farnesyl pyrophospate is an intemerdiate used for:

A

(Cholesterol synthesis)

  1. Synthesis of Coenzyme Q
  2. Synthesis of dolichol pyrophosphate
  3. Prenylation of proteins
67
Q

Bile synthesis: Rate limiting enzyme

A

Cholesterol 7 a hydroxylase

68
Q

Bile acids are conjugated with

A

Glycine and taurine

69
Q

Excreted bile is reabsorbed where?

A

Terminal ileum

70
Q

Steroid hormone synthesis: what for

A

Glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, sex hormones

71
Q

Steroid hormone synthesis: where

A

Smooth ER: adrenal cortrex, ovaries and testes, placenta

72
Q

Steroid hormone synthesis: substrates

A

Cholesterol, pregnanalone

73
Q

Steroid hormone synthesis: rate limiting step

A

Cholesterol to pregnanalone (desmolass)

74
Q

Blocks rate limiting stepnod steroid formation

A

Aminogluthemide

75
Q

Apoprotein secreted by epithelial cells:

A

B 48

76
Q

Apoprotein thy actuvates lipoprotein lipase

A

C II

77
Q

Apoprotein that mediates uptake by liver

A

E

78
Q

Apoprotein secreted by liver

A

B 100

79
Q

Apoprotein that activates lecithin cholestrol acyltransferase or LCAT to produce cholesterol esters

A

A-1

80
Q

Urea cycle: substrate

A

NH3, aspartate, CO2

81
Q

Urea cycle: Rate limiting step

A

CO2 + NH3 to carbamoyl phosphate (carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I aka CPD I)

82
Q

Urea cycle: cofactors

A

N acetylglutamate and Biotin

83
Q

Cyclic compounds formed by linkage of four pyrrole rings through methyne

A

Porphyrins

84
Q

Rate limiting step in heme synthesis

A

Glycine + succinyl coA to d- aminolevulinic acid (ALA SYNTHASE)

85
Q

Heme synthesis: cofactor

A

Pyridoxine

86
Q

Glycolysis steps

A

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Biochemistry (8 decks)

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