metabolic pathways

Question 1

what is the cellular respiration formula?

Answer 1

C6H12O6->6CO2+6H2O

Question 2

where does glycolysis occur? what are the inputs and out puts?

Answer 2

it occurs in the cytoplasm and the inputs are glucose and outputs are 2 pyruvate molecules

Question 3

in glycolysis, how many NADH’s, FADH2’s, ATP, and CO2 are produced

Answer 3

NADH: 2 FADH2: 0 ATP: 2 CO2: 0

Question 4

where does the PDC occur? what are the inputs and the outputs?

Answer 4

it occurs in the mitochondrial matrix and the input is a pyruvate molecule and the output is acetyl coA

Question 5

in PDC, how many NADH’s, FADH2’s, ATP, and CO2 are produced

Answer 5

NADH: 1 NADH FADH2: 0 ATP: 2 CO2: 1

Question 6

where does the krebs cycle occur? what are the inputs and out points

Answer 6

it occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, and the input is acetyl coA and the output is Co2

Question 7

in the krebs cycle, how many NADH’s, FADH2’s, ATP, and CO2 are produced PER PYRUVATE, per glucose unit, how many times does cycle do

Answer 7

NADH: 3 FADH2: 1 ATP: 1 CO2: 2, the cycle occurs twice

Question 8

where does ETC occur? what are the inputs and outputs

Answer 8

inner mitochondrial membrane , NADH and FADH2 are the inputs, and NAD+, FAD+ and ATP are the outputs

Question 9

how many atp’s does nadh and fadh2 make?

Answer 9

nadh makes 2.5 atp and fadh2 makes 1.5 and nadh that comes from glycolysis makes 1.5 atp

Question 10

in all of cellular respiration, how many atp is made, in eukaryotes? in prokaryotes?

Answer 10

30 in eukaryotes and 32in prokaryotes

Question 11

what is the regulatory enzyme in glycolysis? what step does this occur?

Answer 11

phosphofructokinase or PFK, between f-6-p and f-1,6-bp irreversible

Question 12

what turns glucose into g-6-p?

Answer 12

hexokinase irreversible

Question 13

what turns PEP into pyruvate?

Answer 13

pyruvate kinase irreversible

Question 14

glycogenesis is what process? where does it occur?

Answer 14

creation of glycogen from glucose, it occurs in the liver and muscle cells but in cytoplasm

Question 15

where do we cut glucose from glycogen?

Answer 15

from the non reducing end

Question 16

what is a reducing sugar

Answer 16

a sugar with a free ketone or aldehyde

Question 17

what is the enzyme that regulates glycogenesis?

Answer 17

glycogen synthase

Question 18

what is glycogenolysis? where does it occur

Answer 18

the breakdown of glycogen into glucose, it occurs in the liver& muscle in the cytoplasm

Question 19

what compounds start glycogenolysis? what enzyme is the regulatory enzyme in this process?

Answer 19

glucagon and epinephrine , enzyme: glycogen phosphorylase

Question 20

what is regulatory enzyme for glycogenesis?

Answer 20

glycogen synthase

Question 21

glycogenesis inhibitor? Substrate?

Answer 21

inhibitor: ATP, glucagon substrate: insulin

Question 22

what starts glycogenesis

Answer 22

insulin

Question 23

glycogenolysis inhibitor? Substrate?

Answer 23

inhibitor: insulin substrate: epinephrine

Question 24

where does pentose phosphate pathway occur? what does it use as reactant?

Answer 24

it occurs in the cytosol, it uses g-6-p as reactant from glycolysis

Question 25

what is the rate limiting step in PPP? what enzyme does it use?

Answer 25

the step making g-6-p into 6-phosphogluconate (first step), and the enzyme is g-6-p dehydrogenase

Question 26

what are the two parts of the ppp? what does each part make?

Answer 26

theres the oxidative phase that is irreversible which makes NADPH and ribose-5-phosphate. theres the nonoxidative phase which is reversible and created glycolytic intermediates

Question 27

what is the rate limiting step for the krebs cycle? what is the enzyme used?

Answer 27

the step making isocitrate into ketoglutaric acid and the enzyme is isocitrate dehydrogenase

Question 28

what activates the TCA cycle? what inhibits it?

Answer 28

ADP and NAD+ activates the tca cycle, ATP and NADH inhibits it

Question 29

NADH starts at what complex in the ETC? where does FADH2 start in the ETC?

Answer 29

NADH starts at the first electron carrier NADH dehydrogenase and the FADH starts at the second electron carrier ubiquinone

Question 30

the electrons released at the last electron carrier goes where?

Answer 30

to oxygen to create water

Question 31

what does beta oxidation do

Answer 31

it breaks down fatty acids by two carbons making acetyl coA, until it cleaves the last four carbons together

Question 32

in each round of beta oxidation, how many fadh2 and nadh make?

Answer 32

1 of each

Question 33

where does FA synthesis occur? what does Fa synthesis do?

Answer 33

occurs in the cytosol, you add two carbons each round to acetyl coA and adding malonyl coA until you make FA 16 carbon

Question 34

what are the two fermentations? where do they occur?

Answer 34

theres lactic acid fermentation that is made by muscle cells that uses pyruvate to make lactic acid. there ethanol fermentation done by yeast using pyruvate to make ethanol. remember the point of fermentation is to make NAD+ and FAD+ to start glycolysis

Question 35

gluconeogenesis

Answer 35

uses pyruvate or any non carb product to make glucose when you have no more glucose/glycogen stores

Question 36

gluconeogenesis occurs where (what organs)

Answer 36

in the liver and the kidneys

Question 37

what is the rate limiting enzyme in gluconeogenesis

Answer 37

fructose 1,6 biphosphatase

Question 38

what hormone stimulates gluconeogenesis

Answer 38

glucagon