ch 7 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
1
Q

what is an example of a high energy phosphate bond?

A

the P-O-P bond of a pyrophosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

hydrolysis is what delta g (favorable or unfavorable)

A

very very favorable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the three reasons why phosphate anhydride bonds hold so much energy

A

1) have a negative repelling forces
2) hasnt resonance therefore more energy than linked phosphate
3) orthophosphate has more favorable interactions with water than linked phosphates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

linked phosphates are like??

A

compressed springs waiting to fly open and provide energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are nucleotides? what are they made up of?

A

they are the building blocks of nucleic acids. and its made up 1)ribose/deoxyribose sugar group 2)purine-pyrimidine base 3) 1-3 phosphate groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ATP is what, what are other energy sources

A

it is a ribonucleotide that is universally used short term energy source. GTP (TCA) and UTP (glycogenesis) can also be used

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

DNA and RNA are what? what is the building block of DNA?

A

they are both nucleic acids and the building block of DNA is dNTP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is dNTP made up of ?

A

it is made up of 1) deoxyribose 2)aromatic nitrogenous base (AGCT) 3) a phosphate group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what the purines? what rings do they have?

A

purines are G and A and they have a five and six membered ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what the pyrimidines? what rings do they have?

A

pyrimidine are C and T and U for RNA. they have one 6 membered ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a nucleoside

A

a ribose with a nitrogenous based at the 1’ carbon, theres no phosphate group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the A ribose nucleoside called?

A

adenosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the G ribose nucleoside called?

A

guanosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the C ribose nucleoside called?

A

cytidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the T ribose nucleoside called?

A

thymidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the U ribose nucleoside called?

A

uridine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

dntp stands for what, how are different dntp different from each other

A

dntp means deoxynucleoside triphosphate andit is changed by the nitrogenous base that is bonded ex. DCTP where C is the nitrogenous base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the backbone of the nucleic acid

A

the sugar phosphate portion of the nucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is a polynucleotide

A

a polymer of several nucleosides linked together by phosphate diester bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

where do new nucleotides add onto DNA

A

the free 3’ end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what does the Watson and Crick model state

A

it states that cellular DNA is right handed double helix bound by hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic forces between bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is a double stranded DNA have

A

they have two long polynucleotide chains hydrogen binded in an antiparallel orientation with one strand going from 5’ to 3’ and the other going from 3’ to 5’

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what pairs are always together in DNA, how many hydrogen bonds do each have?

A

A with T has 2 hydrogen bonds and C with G has three hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what base pair needs more energy to be broken

A

gc because of three h bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

annealing

A

the binding of two complementary strands of DNA into a double stranded structure.

26
Q

what is the separation of two complementary strands of DNA called

A

denaturing or melting

27
Q

what is Tm

A

the temperature at which a solution of DNA melts 50%

28
Q

what stabilizes DNA and what are important measurements to know?

A

the van der waals, hydrophobic forces, and the removal of the sugar on the 2’ carbon. the helix pattern repeats itself every ten base pairs or 34 angstroms and has a width is 20 angstroms

29
Q

genome

A

sum total of an organisms genetic info

30
Q

chromosome? how many do humans have?

A

large pieces of linear of ds DNA, each piece is a chromosome, humans have 46 chromosomes with 23 coming from each parent

31
Q

what does a prokaryotic genome look like?

A

its a single circular chromosome

32
Q

what do viral genomes look like?

A

it can be linear DNA/RNA or circular DNA/RNA

33
Q

what enzyme that prokaryotes have for DNA that humans dont have? what does it do?

A

they have DNA gyrase which mixes the single circular chromosome that already coiled even more coiled or super coiled.

34
Q

what organism has more base pairs?

A

eukaryotes

35
Q

what are histones

A

the globular protein that dna wraps around to package

36
Q

what are nucleosomes

A

the bonded beads of histones

37
Q

what are chromatin

A

stacked nucleosomes

38
Q

what does DNA packaging look like form big to small

A

nucleus, chromosomes, chromatin, nucleosomes, histones, and sugar phosphate backbone

39
Q

what is the first part of the DNA structure creation and what do you add to make the next thing?

A

deoxyribose is the first then you add a base which makes a nuceloside

40
Q

what is the second part of the DNA structure creation and what do you add to make the next thing?

A

nucleoside is the second then you 3 phosphate groups which makes a nucleotide

41
Q

what is the third part of the DNA structure and what do you add to make the next thing?

A

oligonucleortides then you continue polymerization and then you make single stranded polynucleotide

42
Q

what is the fourth part of the DNA structure and what do you add to make the next thing?

A

single stranded polynucleotide then you add another complementary strand in the antiparallel position which makes it a double stranded DNA

43
Q

what is the firth part of the DNA structure and what do you add to make the next thing?

A

double stranded DNA is then coiled to make double stranded helix

44
Q

DNA that is darker stained is made up of what? the lighter stained?

A

heterochromatin, the euchromatin

45
Q

what do lighter stained DNA parts have in terms of activity

A

less dense areas have high transcription and high gene activity since its less packed

46
Q

what are centromeres? what is the protein involved with centromeres?

A

centromere is the region of the chromosome which spindle fibers attach to in cell division. fibers attach to the kinetochores, proteins that act like an anchor

47
Q

what are centromeres made up of

A

heterochromatid and repetitive DNA sequences

48
Q

review different centromere positions, what are the names?

A

metacentric (normal), submetacentric, acrocentric, telocentric (absolutely no short arms)

49
Q

what is p and what is q

A

Q is long arms and P is short arms

50
Q

what are telomeres? what are their characteristics?

A

the ends of linear chromosomes. the characteristics are that they have repetitive DNA sequences and guanine rich! has both single/double stranded DNA

51
Q

telomeres are important for what?

A

prevent chromosome deterioration

52
Q

what are the characteristics of RNA?

A

1) RNA is single stranded, except in some viruses 2) RNA has uracil instead thymine 3) the pentose ring in RNA is ribose NOT deoxyribose

53
Q

what is a coding RNA? what does this RNA do?

A

coding RNA is mRNA and mRNA carries genetic info to the ribosome, where it can be translated into protein

54
Q

what is hnRNA?

A

first RNA transcribed by DNA, its premature version of mRNA that included exons and introns. it has no cap or tails

55
Q

what are non coding RNA? what are the two main ones?

A

nc RNA is a functional RNA that is not translated into a protein. the two we need to know is tRNA and rRNA

56
Q

what is tRNA?

A

transfer RNA: translates the genetic code. it also carries amino acids from cytoplasm to ribosome to be added to growing protein

57
Q

what is rRNA?

A

ribosomal RNA: major component of ribosome. humans only have four different rRNA’s. they provide catalytic function of ribosome

58
Q

what are catalytic RNA’s called

A

ribozymesand rRNA

59
Q

snRNA, miRNA, and siRNA are used in what

A

in gene expression

60
Q

where does DNA flexibility come from

A

leaving a linker DNA between nucleosomes

61
Q

what makes DNA more stable than RNA?

A

DNA is more stable because of the removal of the OH group on the second carbon