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mcat biochem textbook > ch 5 > Flashcards

ch 5 Flashcards

1
Q

monosaccharide

A

a single carb molecule AKA a simple sugar

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2
Q

what is the formula for monosacc

A

CnH2nOn

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3
Q

examples of monosaccs

A

fructose, glucose, ribose

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4
Q

disaccharide

A

2 monosaccs bonded together

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5
Q

what is the bond between sugars called

A

glycosidic linkage

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6
Q

what are the the two types of glycosidic linkages and what puts then apart

A

An alpha-glycosidic bond is formed when both carbons have the same stereochemistry, whereas a beta-glycosidic bond occurs when the two carbons have different stereochemistry one looks like a U the other looks like a Z

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7
Q

examples of disacc

A

sucrose, lactose, maltose, and cellobiose

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8
Q

what are the simple sugars that make up sucrose and lactose

A

sucrose is made linking glucose and fructose while lactose is made from galactose and glucose

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9
Q

what are the simple sugars that make up maltose and cellobiose

A

maltose is made with glucose and glucose and cellobiose is made with two glucoses but different linkage compared to maltose

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10
Q

polysacc

A

multiple sugars bonded

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11
Q

what are the two main poly sacc’s and their use

A

they are glycogen and starch and they both are used as energy storage for animals and plants

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12
Q

what is delta g for hydrolysis

A

negative it is very favorable

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13
Q

what are enzymes called that hydrolyze sugars, examples?

A

they are named after the sugar they hydrolyze so lactase, and maltase

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14
Q

what is lactose malabsorption and lactose intolerance

A

malabsorption is people without lactase and intolerance is if they develop gasses and diarrehea

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15
Q

what is so special about glycolysis

A

all cells from all domains have enzymes to complete glycolysis

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16
Q

what are the products for glycolysis

A

2 ATP, and 2 NADH’s, and 2 Pyruvates

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17
Q

what enzyme turns glucose into its next step? what is its next step? what inhibits this enzyme?

A

hexokinase turns glucose into glucose-6-phosphate. overproduction of g-6-p inhibits hexokinase

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18
Q

what are the two next steps from g-6-p and what is the enzyme for the second step? what inhibits this enzyme?

A

g-6-p turns into f-6-p and f-6-p turns into f-1,6-biphosphate by the enzyme PFK or phosphofructokinase. ATP allosterically inhibits PFK

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19
Q

what is the rate limiting step or the committed step of glycolysis? why is it so important?

A

the rate limiting step is the creation of f-6-p into f-1,6-p because it is an irreversible step and the reaction is very favorable

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20
Q

what is something that is common in long pathways

A

the early steps of the pathway tend to be regulated

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21
Q

when does fermentation occur? what are the two types of fermentation?

A

fermentation occurs when oxygen is not present and the two types are lactic acid fermentation and ethanol fermentation

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22
Q

why does fermentation occur?

A

ETC cannot occur therefore we have NAD+ turning into NADH but we need NAD+ for glycolysis

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23
Q

what is oxidative decarboxylation?

A

a process in which carbon dioxide is produced through the removal of a carbon group as a result of oxidation reactions

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24
Q

what is the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

A

pyruvate is oxidatively decarboxylated by the PDC which turns it from a 3 carbon molecule to a 2 carbon molecule. this 2c molecule is the bonded with coenzyme A so it can go through the krebs cycle

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25
prosthetic group
a cofactor that is very tightly/ covalently bound to an enzyme
26
what is thiamine and why is it important
thiamine is vitamin b and it is important for PDC and ETC to occur
27
in short, what occurs in the citric acid cycle
acetyl-coA (2c) is added to oxaloacetate (4c) to create citric acid that is then decarboxylated to removed 2 co2 molecules.
28
what is produced in the krebs cycle from one glucose unit? what is important to remember
from one glucose unit, the krebs cycle makes 6 NADH's and 2 FADH2's, since glycolysis makes 2 pyruvate molecules, the cycle occurs twice. but for one pyruvate molecule, only 3 NADH and 1 FADH2 are made
29
what are the products of the pdc?
2 NADH's per glucose but 1 per pyruvate
30
where does glycolysis occur? where does PDC occur?
glycolysis occurs in cytosol and PDC occurs in mitochondrial matrix
31
where does krebs cycle occur?
matrix
32
how many membranes does a mitochondrion have and what characterizes them?
it have two lipid bilayers, an outer and inner one. the outer one is smooth and had large pores formed by porin proteins. the inner one is impermeable and is densely folded into structures called cristae
33
where does the outer membrane of mito get its pores
porin proteins
34
what are the densely folded structures in inner membrane in mito called
cristae
35
cristaes extend into the
matrix which is the innermost part of the mito
36
what is the intermembrane space
space between inner and outer membranes
37
how do prokaryotes do ETC without any membranes
they do ETC in the cytoplasm and create the proton gradient between its cell wall to make ATP
38
what is really needed for ETC to occur
an impermeable wall
39
what is oxidative phosphorylation
the oxidation of high energy electron carriers NADH and FADH2 with the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP
40
how does the proton gradient create energy
energy released from ETA is used to pump H ions out of the matrix into the inner membrane and this gradient powers ATP synthase by having H ions go through it making ADP to ATP
41
what are the three biggest electron carriers called all together and where they at
they are called cytochromes because of the presence of the heme group. they are embedded within the membrane
42
what is the first electron carrier called in the ETC
NADH dehydrogenase or enzyme Q reductase
43
what is the second electron carrier called in the ETC
ubiquinone or coenzyme Q
44
what is the third electron carrier called in the ETC
cytochrome C reductase
45
what is the fourth electron carrier called in the ETC
cytochrome C
46
what is the fifth electron carrier called in the ETC
cytochrome C oxidase
47
what is different between the big electron carries and the second and fourth electron carriers
they are not embedded within the membrane
48
what is the ph in the matrix and what does it do?
the ph is high (basic) than the rest of the cell because they pump all the H+ ions out into the inner membrane
49
what is different between NADH and FADH2 when they go through the etc?
NADH starts at the first electron carrier while FADH2 starts at the second electron carrier
50
after the five electron carriers, what enzyme do you have?
ATP synthase which is a proton channel that uses H+ passing through as energy to make ADP to ATP
51
ATP production is dependent on the
proton gradient
52
pumping H+ is favorable or unfavorable
unfavorable so you need energy for it to occur
53
NADH pumps how many protons and ATP syn uses how many protons to make ATP? what is the resulting ATP made?
NADH pumps 10 protons and ATP syn used 4 so a total of 2.5 ATP's are made
54
FADH2 pumps how many protons and ATP syn uses how many protons to make ATP? what is the resulting ATP made? WHY???
NADH pumps 6 protons and ATP syn used 4 so a total of 1.5 ATP's are made BECAUSE FADH2 SKIPS THE FIRST E- CARRIER
55
what is the glycerol phosphate shuttle
its a shuttle that delivers the electrons from NADH made from glycolysis directly to ubiquinone
56
how many ATP's are created from NADH that is made in the cytosol
1.5 ATP because just like FADH2 is skips the first electron carrier
57
glycolysis makes how many ATPS from ATP's themselves and high energy e- carriers in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
eukaryotes: make 2 ATP's and 3 ATP's from 2 NADHs prokaryotes make 2 ATP's and 5 ATP's from 2 NADHs
58
PDC makes how many ATPS from ATP's themselves and high energy e- carriers in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Per GLUCOSE
both make 5 ATP's from NADH
59
Krebs makes how many ATPS from ATP's themselves and high energy e- carriers in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
both make 15 ATP from 6 NADHs, 3 ATP's from 2 FADH2's and 2 GTP's
60
after going through all cellular respiration, how many ATP's have we made from one glucose unit
prokaryotes made 32 ATP and eukaryotes made 30 ATP
61
gluconeogenesis
occurs when dietary sources of glucose are unavailable and liver has been depleted of glycogen and glucose, the cycle makes glucose from non carb precursors like pyruvate, glycerol, amino acids
62
what is special about gluconeogenesis
its just like glycolysis but in reverse
63
near the end of gluconeogenesis what steps should we focus on
turning f-1,6-bpinto f-6-p and turning g-6-p into glucose
64
in gluconeogenesis, what enzyme turns f-1,6-bP into f-6-p? is this reversible or irreversible
f-1,6-biphosphatase and its irreversible
65
in gluconeogenesis, what enzyme turns f-6-p into g-6-p?
glucose-6-phosphatase and its irreversible
66
glycolysis is what delta g? gluconeogensis is what?
favorable, unfavorable so it uses rxn coupling
67
opposing pathways need to be regulated because
so that futile cycling (pathways occurring at the same time) does occur
68
reciprocal control
a same molecule regulates 2 enzymes based on current cell needs
69
insulin activates what enzyme and starts what process
it activates f-2,6-bp which is activates PFK for glycolysis
70
glucagon inhibits what enzyme and starts what process
it inhibits f-2,6-bp which activates f-1,6-bpase for gluconeogenesis
71
what are the regulators for PFK and what process do these start/inhibit?
(+) regulator: f-2,6-bp and AMP (-) regulator: ATP glycolysis
72
what are the regulators for f-1,6-bpase in gluconeogensis
(+) regulator: ATP (-) regulator: f-2,6-bp and AMP
73
where is glycogen stores
muscle and liver
74
high insulin causes what process to start? high glucagon causes what processes to start
high insulin: glycogenesis to store all that new sugar high glucagon: glycogenolysis
75
what is the pentose phosphate pathway/ hexose monophosphate shunt
it uses diverted g-6-p from glycolysis to make NADPH, Ribose-5-phosphate, and glycolytic intermediates
76
what are the two phases of the PPP? what occurs in both
theres the oxidative phase and the nonoxidative phase. oxidative phase is a irreversible process where NADPH and ribose is made. the non oxidative phase is where the glycolytic intermediates are made
77
why is NADPH important
it is needed for Fatty acid synthesis and neutralizing reactive O2 species
78
why is ribose-5-phosphate important
it is used to make nucleotides
79
what is the regulatory enzyme for the PPP?
glucose-6-phosphotate dehydrogenase (G6PDH)
80
NADPH acts as what for G6PDH? if you have a deficiency of G6DPH, what occurs?
1. NADPH acts as a negative regulator to this enzyme 2. you have an increase of reactive O2 species
81
Why is glucagon easy to hydrolyze?
Glucagon is very branched, making it easy to hydrolyze at the ends
82
What is the first step of glyconeogenesis? what enzyme facilitates the step?
Pyruvate carboxylase converts pyruvate to oxoloacetate
83
What would occur if you increase permeability of inner mitochondrial membrane?
The protons will move back into the matrix, following its natural gradient, causing no ATP to be made, and that unused energy be turned into heat.
84
What cell phase is the pentose phosphate pathway most active? Why?
Because the pentose phosphate pathway makes ribose five phosphate for DNA, it is the most active during S phase, the synthesis phase
85
Increased glycogenolysis cause increase of what molecule? Why?
Lactate because when there is free glucose present, lactic acid fermentation can occur.

mcat biochem textbook (6 decks)

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