Metabolic Integration 1 and 2

Question 1

Signs and symptoms of liver disease

Answer 1

High levels of liver enzymes ALT and AST, Jaundice due to poor glucuronidation, longer clotting times since liver produces less clotting factors, edema- poor control of osmotic blood pressure due to lack of albumin, hepatic encephalopathy decreased urea cycle, high amount of ammonia

Question 2

PPARs and role in metabolism in liver

Answer 2

Transcription factors that act as steroid hormones. And upregulate fatty acid uptake and oxidation

Question 3

Xenobiotics and liver

Answer 3

These are compounds with no nutritional value, toxic, and can’t be metabolized. Liver degrades these by first conjugating and inactivating them to convert into an execretable compound

Question 4

5 major functions of the liver

Answer 4

Central receiving and recycling center, site of degradation of Xenobiotics, maintain blood glucose, synthesis of cholesterol and TG, site of urea synthesis and excretion, site of ketone body synthesis,

Question 5

5 more functions of the liver

Answer 5

Synthesis and salvage of ribonucleotides and deoxys, synthesis of blood proteins and clotting factors, synthesis of glycoprotein, major site if ethanol oxidation, Pentose phosphate pathway

Question 6

Normal blood glucose level after a high carb meal

Answer 6

120 to 140 mg/dl

Question 7

Normal fasting blood glucose level whic liver tries to maintain

Answer 7

80 to 100 mg/dl

Question 8

Factors regulating blood glucose levels

Answer 8

Hormones insulin and glucagon and the conc of blood glucose

Question 9

Insulin and glucagon levels in response to a high carb meal

Answer 9

Insulin goes up, glucagon goes down

Question 10

Insulin and glucagon levels in response to a high protein meal

Answer 10

Glucagon goes up and insulin also goes up

Question 11

Insulin and glucagon in response to a mixed meal

Answer 11

Insulin goes up, it goes up after every meal, and glucagon levels stay constant

Question 12

What happens to glycogen breakdown during an extended fast?

Answer 12

It begins two hours after a meal, peaks at 8 hours and then falls off, at the 18 hr mark, 50% glucose from glycogenesis and 50% of glucose from gluconeogenesis, at 30 hour, glucose comes strictly from gluconeogenesis as there’s no glycogen left