31 Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards
name the 4 fat-soluble vitamins
Vitamin A, D, E and K
clinical consequences of a deficiency
in Vitamin A
Night blindness due to lack of the retinal form involved in visual cycle
Hyperkeratosis INVOLVES retinol and retinoic acid- inhibition of glycoprotein synthesis, mucus, extreme drying of epithelial tissues
Anemia – Vitamin A is involved in the synthesis of transferrin
clinical consequences of a Vitamin K deficiency
A longer clotting (coagulation) time and affects bone mineralization
rickets and what Vitamin deficiency is it associated with
Vitamin D, Rickets –leads to soft and pliable bones
osteomalacia and what Vitamin deficiency is it associated with
Vitamin D, Osteomalacia – leads to bone breakage
scurvy and what Vitamin deficiency is it associated with
Vitamin C, Scurvy –causes reduced wound healing, fragile capillaries, hemorrhaging, osteoporosis and anemia
beri beri and what Vitamin deficiency is it associated with
Beri beri, vitamin B1 Thiamine deficiency, affects the nervous, and cardiovascular system
Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome and what Vitamin deficiency is it associated with
Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome associated with Vitamin B1 deficiency, confusional state and dementia
night blindness and what Vitamin deficiency is it associated with
Vitamin A
pellagra and what vitamin deficiency is it associated with
Vitamin B3 - Niacin deficiency Pellagra - “dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia”
Megaloblastic Anemia and what vitamin deficiency is it associated with
megaloblastic anemia is associated with Vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency
the physiological functions of fluoride and boron
Fluoride- is good for strengthening bones and teeth, and is added to drinking water while Boron is important for bone formation, nerve function and immune response
the physiological functions of molybdenum and manganese
molybdenum is present in xanthine oxidase and is used for nucleotide metabolism and manganese is a component of enzymes superoxide dismutase, arginase, glutamine synthetase
the physiological functions of selenium and chromium
selenium is part of sellenoproteins and imp for the functioning of these enzymes, Ex: glutathione peroxidase.
Chromium is a component of a protein which facilitates insulin binding
the physiological functions of copper and zinc
copper is a cofactor of copper-containing enzymes such as cytochrome C oxidase.
Zinc is a catalytic center of many metalloenzymes and forms zinc fingers to assist in protein-proteins -DNA interactions.
the physiological functions of Iron
a key component of heme found in hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes, P450 enzymes. Involved in oxygen and carbon monoxide transport.
the physiological functions of Iodine
used to synthesize T3 and T4, hormones in the thyroid gland which regulate the basal metabolic rate
function and dietary source of Vitamin A
3 active forms of Vitamin A retinol- steroid hormone involved in glycoprotein synthesis, retinal has a role in visual cycle, and retinoic acid - steroid hormone involved in growth and differentiation. dietary source ?
function and dietary source of Vitamin D
D3 and D2
Vitamin E and its physiological function
its found in lipophilic regions, lipoproteins, cellular membranes, and fat deposits.
Function : naturally occurring antioxidants and free radical scavengers, prevents LDL oxidation
Vitamin K and its physiological function
found in green vegetables and also synthesized by intestinal bacteria Function: vital for blood clotting, converts glutamate to gamma-carboxy glutamate residues
Thiamine Vitamin B1
is a precursor for the cofactor TPP, thiamine pyrophosphate, and is required for decarboxylation reactions in the following enzymes: pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutatrate dehydrogenase, alpha keto acid dehydrogenase, transketolase
Riboflavin Vitamin B2
is a precursor for the coenzymes FAD and FMN, both involved in redox reactions for energy production and cell respiration
Niacin Vitamin B3
is a precursor for the enzymes NAD and NADP, both involved in redox reactions, energy production and cell respiration
Niacin Vitamin B3 deficiency causes
Pellagra- “Dermatitits, Diarrhea and Dementia”
Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine is converted to
the cofactor, Pyridoxal phosphate PLP, and is the main cofactor involved in transaminase reactions with amino acids, decarboxylations in synthesizing neurotransmitters, heme synthesis
Vitamin B5 Pantothenic Acid
a component of Coenzyme A, for use in the TCA cycle, FA synthesis and cholesterol synthesis
Biotin
is a cofactor of mainly carboxylation reactions s, used in FA synthesis (ACC carboxylase) and gluconeogenesis (pyruvate carboxylase)
Folic Acid
precursor for THF, tetrahydrofolate , a one carbon carrier
Cobalamin, Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 participates in only 2 reactions, the conversion of homocysteine to methionine and the conversion of methmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA. In Vitamin B-12 deficiency, homocysteine and methylmalonyl CoA accumulate
other physiological roles of Vitamin C
- role as an antioxidant 2. facilitates iron absorption in the gut 3. cofactor for the synthesis of norepinephrine and citrulline ?
functions of calcium
important for blood clotting, muscle contraction and neurotransmission, bone formation, mediates hormonal responses
functions of magnesium
required for some enzymatic reactions especially involving ATP, which typically binds to it to form a complex
How does Vitamin D increase serum calcium concentration?
- 25-OHD increases the absorption and uptake of Ca, more Ca transporters 2. Stimulates bone resorption and demineralization 3. Inhibits Ca excretion by the kidney
