31 Vitamins and Minerals

Question 1

name the 4 fat-soluble vitamins

Answer 1

Vitamin A, D, E and K

Question 2

clinical consequences of a deficiency

in Vitamin A

Answer 2

Night blindness due to lack of the retinal form involved in visual cycle
Hyperkeratosis INVOLVES retinol and retinoic acid- inhibition of glycoprotein synthesis, mucus, extreme drying of epithelial tissues
Anemia – Vitamin A is involved in the synthesis of transferrin

Question 3

clinical consequences of a Vitamin K deficiency

Answer 3

A longer clotting (coagulation) time and affects bone mineralization

Question 4

rickets and what Vitamin deficiency is it associated with

Answer 4

Vitamin D, Rickets –leads to soft and pliable bones

Question 5

osteomalacia and what Vitamin deficiency is it associated with

Answer 5

Vitamin D, Osteomalacia – leads to bone breakage

Question 6

scurvy and what Vitamin deficiency is it associated with

Answer 6

Vitamin C, Scurvy –causes reduced wound healing, fragile capillaries, hemorrhaging, osteoporosis and anemia

Question 7

beri beri and what Vitamin deficiency is it associated with

Answer 7

Beri beri, vitamin B1 Thiamine deficiency, affects the nervous, and cardiovascular system

Question 8

Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome and what Vitamin deficiency is it associated with

Answer 8

Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome associated with Vitamin B1 deficiency, confusional state and dementia

Question 9

night blindness and what Vitamin deficiency is it associated with

Answer 9

Vitamin A

Question 10

pellagra and what vitamin deficiency is it associated with

Answer 10

Vitamin B3 - Niacin deficiency Pellagra - “dermatitis, diarrhea and dementia”

Question 11

Megaloblastic Anemia and what vitamin deficiency is it associated with

Answer 11

megaloblastic anemia is associated with Vitamin B12 and folic acid deficiency

Question 12

the physiological functions of fluoride and boron

Answer 12

Fluoride- is good for strengthening bones and teeth, and is added to drinking water while Boron is important for bone formation, nerve function and immune response

Question 13

the physiological functions of molybdenum and manganese

Answer 13

molybdenum is present in xanthine oxidase and is used for nucleotide metabolism and manganese is a component of enzymes superoxide dismutase, arginase, glutamine synthetase

Question 14

the physiological functions of selenium and chromium

Answer 14

selenium is part of sellenoproteins and imp for the functioning of these enzymes, Ex: glutathione peroxidase.
Chromium is a component of a protein which facilitates insulin binding

Question 15

the physiological functions of copper and zinc

Answer 15

copper is a cofactor of copper-containing enzymes such as cytochrome C oxidase.
Zinc is a catalytic center of many metalloenzymes and forms zinc fingers to assist in protein-proteins -DNA interactions.

Question 16

the physiological functions of Iron

Answer 16

a key component of heme found in hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes, P450 enzymes. Involved in oxygen and carbon monoxide transport.

Question 17

the physiological functions of Iodine

Answer 17

used to synthesize T3 and T4, hormones in the thyroid gland which regulate the basal metabolic rate

Question 18

function and dietary source of Vitamin A

Answer 18

3 active forms of Vitamin A retinol- steroid hormone involved in glycoprotein synthesis, retinal has a role in visual cycle, and retinoic acid - steroid hormone involved in growth and differentiation. dietary source ?

Question 19

function and dietary source of Vitamin D

Answer 19

D3 and D2

Question 20

Vitamin E and its physiological function

Answer 20

its found in lipophilic regions, lipoproteins, cellular membranes, and fat deposits.
Function : naturally occurring antioxidants and free radical scavengers, prevents LDL oxidation

Question 21

Vitamin K and its physiological function

Answer 21

found in green vegetables and also synthesized by intestinal bacteria Function: vital for blood clotting, converts glutamate to gamma-carboxy glutamate residues

Question 22

Thiamine Vitamin B1

Answer 22

is a precursor for the cofactor TPP, thiamine pyrophosphate, and is required for decarboxylation reactions in the following enzymes: pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutatrate dehydrogenase, alpha keto acid dehydrogenase, transketolase

Question 23

Riboflavin Vitamin B2

Answer 23

is a precursor for the coenzymes FAD and FMN, both involved in redox reactions for energy production and cell respiration

Question 24

Niacin Vitamin B3

Answer 24

is a precursor for the enzymes NAD and NADP, both involved in redox reactions, energy production and cell respiration

Question 25

Niacin Vitamin B3 deficiency causes

Answer 25

Pellagra- “Dermatitits, Diarrhea and Dementia”

Question 26

Vitamin B6 Pyridoxine is converted to

Answer 26

the cofactor, Pyridoxal phosphate PLP, and is the main cofactor involved in transaminase reactions with amino acids, decarboxylations in synthesizing neurotransmitters, heme synthesis

Question 27

Vitamin B5 Pantothenic Acid

Answer 27

a component of Coenzyme A, for use in the TCA cycle, FA synthesis and cholesterol synthesis

Question 28

Biotin

Answer 28

is a cofactor of mainly carboxylation reactions s, used in FA synthesis (ACC carboxylase) and gluconeogenesis (pyruvate carboxylase)

Question 29

Folic Acid

Answer 29

precursor for THF, tetrahydrofolate , a one carbon carrier

Question 30

Cobalamin, Vitamin B12

Answer 30

Vitamin B12 participates in only 2 reactions, the conversion of homocysteine to methionine and the conversion of methmalonyl CoA to succinyl CoA. In Vitamin B-12 deficiency, homocysteine and methylmalonyl CoA accumulate

Question 31

other physiological roles of Vitamin C

Answer 31

1. role as an antioxidant 2. facilitates iron absorption in the gut 3. cofactor for the synthesis of norepinephrine and citrulline ?

Question 32

functions of calcium

Answer 32

important for blood clotting, muscle contraction and neurotransmission, bone formation, mediates hormonal responses

Question 33

functions of magnesium

Answer 33

required for some enzymatic reactions especially involving ATP, which typically binds to it to form a complex

Question 34

How does Vitamin D increase serum calcium concentration?

Answer 34

1. 25-OHD increases the absorption and uptake of Ca, more Ca transporters 2. Stimulates bone resorption and demineralization 3. Inhibits Ca excretion by the kidney