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Geomicrobiology > Metabolic diversity > Flashcards

Metabolic diversity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the basic requirements for life?

A

Carbon source (C/CO2)
Macronutrients (N, P, S, Mg, Ca, Fe).
Trace Elements (Mn, Co, Ni, W, Zn, Se, B, Mo, Cu)
Water and an energy source
Suitable environment (physical and chemical settings)

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2
Q

What does the Redfield ratio represent?

A

The general composition of biomass as C106 N16 P1. However, more realistically shown as C106 H263 O110 N16 P1 S1-Vary significantly depending on availability of nutrients

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3
Q

What are the main building blocks of microbes?

A

Protein, Polysaccharides and derivatives, nucleic acids, and lipids. Others include dry weight. 80% of cellular mass considered water.

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4
Q

What factors should be taken into account in order to categorise the metabolism of an organism?

A

Source of energy
Electron source for biomass formation
The requirement of organic material for growth

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5
Q

What do organisms need energy for?

A

Growth, mobility, maintenance, reproduction…

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6
Q

What is a Phototroph and give examples

A

Photosynthesis-Cyanobacteria, algae, higher plants, anoxic phototrophs

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7
Q

What is a Chemotroph

A

Respiration/Fermentation=Fauna, bacteria.

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8
Q

Name examples of energy-rich compounds and the expected duration of the energy source

A

Long term: Lipids, Startch,

Short term: Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

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9
Q

Formula for Anoxygenic photosynthesis

A

H2S—ADP+P>ATP—->So+2e-+2H+ (no elemental O2 formed)

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10
Q

Formula for oxygenic photosynthesis

A

2H20—ADP+P>ATP–>O2+4e-+4H+ (Light used to drive endergonic reaction in order to oxidate O2 in water to produce ATP

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11
Q

Define Endergonic

A

Energy Consuming

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12
Q

Define Exergonic

A

Energy releasing

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13
Q

Endothermic

A

Heat consuming

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14
Q

Define Exothermic

A

Heat releasing

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15
Q

Meaning of ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (Energy-rich phosphate esters)

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16
Q

Formula Aerobic reaction

A

C6H12O6 (glucose)+6O2–ADP+P>ATP—->6CO2+6H2O

17
Q

Formula Fermentation

A

C6H12O6—-ADP+P>ATP—->2C3H6O3 (Lactic acid)

18
Q

Electron donor is organic material, what does this make the organism?

A

Organotroph

19
Q

Electron donor is in-organic, what does this make the organism?

A

Lithotroph

20
Q

Lithotroph oxygenic photosynthesis equation?

A

2H20—ADP+P>ATP—->O2+4e-+4H+

21
Q

Lithotrophic sulphide oxidisation equation?

A

H2S+2O2—-ADP+P>ATP—->SO4^2-+SH+

22
Q

If the carbon source is organic material what does this make the organism?

A

Heterotroph

23
Q

If the carbon source is inorganic material what does this make the organism?

A

Autotroph

24
Q

Characteristics of lithotrophic organisms metabolism

A

Usually autotroph (Kelly, 1971), low energy yield due to limited supply of substrate=Low contribution to primary production of ecosystem

25
Q

Energy source, electron donor, and carbon source for Photolithoautotroph

A

Energy Source: Light
Electron Donor: H20
Carbon Source: CO2

26
Q

Energy source, electron donor, and carbon source for Chemoorganoheterotroph (Homo sapien)

A

Energy Source: Oxidation of electron donor
Electron Donor: Organic material
Carbon Source: Organic material

27
Q

Chemolithoautotroph

A

Energy Source: Oxidation of electron donor
Electron Donor: NH3, FE2+, H2S, H2
Carbon Source: CO2
i.e. Nitrosomonas europaea

28
Q

What are the 2 steps during degradation of organic material for chemolithoautotroph?

A

Step 1: Extracellular hydrolysis of polymeric compounds

Step 2: Uptake of dissolved materials

29
Q

What are the 3 steps during Chemoorganotrophic bacteria degradation of organic matter?

A

Step 1: Extracellular hydrolysis of polymeric compounds
Step 2: Uptake of dissolved molecules
Step 3: Metabolism

30
Q

Define redox reaction

A

Oxidation reaction i.e. when oxidation state of atoms change (electrons stripped from a compound=oxidation, electron added=Reduced)

31
Q

Why do cells avoid direct reaction with O2

A

As it is very reactive and would cause too much heat energy as a bi-product.

Geomicrobiology (8 decks)

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