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Animal Science > Metabolic Diseases In Livestock > Flashcards

Metabolic Diseases In Livestock Flashcards

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1
Q

What are metabolic disorders:

A

Non-infectious diseases
Caused by disruptions in the diet

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2
Q

Can overeating cause harm to cattle?

A

Yes

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3
Q

Metabolic

A

Nutritional

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4
Q

Acidosis etiology

A

-excessive production of ruminate acids which leads to reduced rumen function.
-ruminate gases build up because they can not be expelled.
-caused by overfeeding and/or a high concentrate diet.

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5
Q

Acidosis symptoms

A

-distinction of ruminoreticulum; seen on left side of the animal.
-foul smelling diarrhea.
-death occurs from suffocation or blood poisoning.
-blood poisoning- when blood pH is <7.35
-sore hooves, liver abscesses, and decreased milk production.
-death occurs after 4 hours

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6
Q

Who is at risk for acidosis?

A

-ruminants on concentrated and highly processed diets.
-ruminants that are fed inconsistently.

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7
Q

Acidosis prevention

A

-minimize meal size and feed more frequently.
-feed long-stemmed roughages.
-genetically select against animals prone to bloat.

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8
Q

Frothy bloat etiology

A

-the entrapment of CH4 and CO2 in a stable foam in the rumen.
-gas accumulation exceeds gas expulsion results in suffocation.

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9
Q

Frothy bloat symptoms

A

-distinction of the rumen on the left side of the body.
-dyspnea, grunting, and tongue hanging out
-death occurs within 1-4 hours

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10
Q

Who is at risk for frothy bloat?

A

-ruminants grazing lush legumes: emphasis on clovers and alfalfa.
-ruminants grazing legumes after a storm.

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11
Q

Frothy bloat prevention

A

-poloxalene salt molasses blocks; place away from water sources for maximum effectiveness.
-restrict grazing of pastures containing more than 50% legumes.
-prevention is treatment.

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12
Q

Fescue toxicity

A

Caused by the consumption of ergot alkaloids (toxins) released from fungus

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13
Q

Fescue toxicity symptoms

A

-rough hair coat
-suppressed appetite
-poor growth
-reduced conception rates
-inability to handle heat stress

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14
Q

Fescue toxicity prevention

A

-clip seed heads or maintain intense grazing to keep plants from heading and inter-seed another plant to reduce consumption

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15
Q

Grass tetany etiology

A

-Deficiency of magnesium (hypomagnesemia)
-occurs in ruminants grazing cool season grasses (wheat)

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16
Q

Grass tetany symptoms

A

-death mostly likely to occur before symptoms show
-ruminants are excitable, have a blank stare, and may appear blind initially
-uncoordinated gait, trembling muscles, grinding teeth, violent convulsions, coma, and death

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17
Q

Grass tetany prevention

A

-Provide mg mineral
-inter seed legumes

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18
Q

Grass tetany treatment

A

-inject 200 cc mg sulfate sq
-animals down more than 12-24 hours will not recover

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19
Q

Gossypol toxicity

A

-predominant pigment found in the cotton plant.
-free form gossypol is toxic.

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20
Q

Gossypol toxicity symptoms

A

-infertility in bulls and females
-anorexia from chronic exposure
-cardiomyopathy in calves

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21
Q

Gossypol toxicity prevention

A

Test cotton feedstuffs for gossypol content, and remove all cotton feedstuffs if toxicity is suspected

22
Q

Nitrate poisoning symptoms

A

-blue coloration of mucous membranes
-staggering gait
-shortness of breath
-death

23
Q

Nitrate poisoning prevention

A

Test forages for nitrate levels before feeding

24
Q

Nitrate poisoning treatment

A

Methylene blue converts methemoglobin back into hemoglobin

25
Q

Prussic acid poisoning etiology

A

-occurs in stressed plants from enzymatic activity

26
Q

Prussic acid symptoms

A

-excitable
-rapid pulse
-muscular tremors
-stager, collapse, and die

27
Q

Who is at risk for Prussic acid poisoning?

A

-ruminants grazing Sudan or sorghum-Sudan grass hybrids after periods of stress (drought/freeze)

28
Q

Prussic acid poisoning prevention

A

-test forages for Prussic acid content
-do not graze plants until 18-24 inches tall
NO TREATMENT

29
Q

PEM etiology

A

-induced by high sulfur diets or a thiamin deficiency
-a central nervous disorder; infect animals become inflamed and necrotic in their brain tissue
-ruminant microorganisms produce B vitamins and thiaminase

30
Q

PEM symptoms

A

-blindness
-ruminants go down on their side with head thrown back
-stiff legs

31
Q

PEM prevention and treatment

A

-monitor by products fro S content
-if caught immediately, administer thiamin and glucose intravenously
-give dexamethasone to reduce brain swelling

32
Q

Urinary calculi etiology

A

Caused by mineral deposits in the urethra from an imbalance of Ca:P in the diet

33
Q

Urinary calculi symptoms

A

-ruminants off feed
-urine dribbles
-sheath swollen and calcified
-kick at their belly
-complete blockage causes the urethra to burst and urine fills the body cavity behind the sheath

34
Q

Who is at risk for urinary calculi?

A

-most common during winter
-contaminated or unclean water which decreases water consumption
-ruminants grazing P deficient pastures

35
Q

Urinary calculi prevention

A

-prevention is TREATMENT
-balance rations to maintain a 2:1 Ca:P ratio
-supplement P to ruminants grazing dormant forages
-clean water troughs
-feed ammonium chloride

36
Q

White muscle disease etiology

A

-deficiency of selenium or vitamin E
-myodegenerative disorder
-necropsy revels muscle with a dry texture and white striations due to Ca deposits

37
Q

2 types of white muscle disease

A

Congenital form- affects cardiac tissue
Delayed form- affects cardiac and/or skeletal muscle tissue

38
Q

White muscle disease prevention

A

-be aware of the levels of mineral antagonists in the soil or diet
-animals can receive Se and vitamin E injections every 30-60 days

39
Q

Colic etiology

A

Caused by a wide range of conditions affecting the digestive track (inability to vomit, changes in feed, bloodworms, etc)

40
Q

Colic symptoms

A

-distended abdomen
-sweating
-constipation
-kick at abdomen or roll around
-prolonged colic can result in twisted intestines

41
Q

Colic treatment

A

-walking
-administering banamine
-vet treatment with sedatives, surgery, etc

42
Q

Colic prevention

A

-feed in small rations
-feed in high quality roughages
-clean water
-regularly deworm animals

43
Q

Milk fever etiology

A

-caused by low blood calcium levels during lactation
-affects cattle, sheep, and goats

44
Q

Milk fever symptoms

A

-muscle tremors
-lack of motor function
-low body temperature
-coma

45
Q

milk fever treatment

A

Calcium gluconate- 23% injection SQ or IV

46
Q

Milk fever prevention

A

-provide vitamin D 5-7 days before parturition
-keep animals on a low calcium diet
-produce high doses of calcium 1 day pre and post parturition

47
Q

Rickets etiology

A

Caused by an imbalance of dietary calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D in young livestock

48
Q

Rickets symptoms

A

-bone pain
-stiff gait
-swelling
-difficulty standing
-bowed limbs
-pathological fractures

49
Q

Rickets treatment

A

-treatment yields no response
-balance the diet
-exposure to sunlight

50
Q

Rickets prevention

A

-properly balance diet
-exercise and room to move
-exposure to sunlight

Animal Science (7 decks)

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