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GI/Nutrition (LHW) > Metabolic diseases > Flashcards

Metabolic diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What causes fat mobilisation syndrome and ketosis?

A

Negative energy balance

Causes XS mobilisation of fat (not all cows in NEB develop ketosis/FMS)

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2
Q

What are the clinical signs of fat mobilisation syndrome and ketosis?

A

Reduced milk yield
Selective appetite (refusing concentrates)
Ketone bodies in blood (sweet smelling breath)
Nervous ketosis (licking)
Firm/shiny faeces

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3
Q

How is ketosis/FMS diagnosed?

A

BOHB and NEFA in lood

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4
Q

How is ketosis/FMS treated?

A

Propylene glycol PO
Glucose IV
Dexamethasone
Vitamin B12, thiamine B1

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5
Q

How is ketosis prevented?

A

Monensin bolus 3-4 weeks pre-calving - use in high risk cows (inhibits growth of gram +ve bacteria)
Low energy, high DMI feed in dry period
Monitor BCS - avoid fat cows

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6
Q

What is Grass Staggers?

A

Hypomagnesaemia

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7
Q

Does the body have a store of magnesium?

A

No - requires dietary intake

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8
Q

What are risk factors for Grass Staggers/hypomagesaemia?

A

Lush pastures
High milk output
Stress

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9
Q

What is the treatment for Grass Staggers?

A

Xylazine or small dose pentobarbitone for convulsions, quiet
Calcium borogluconate IV
Then slow magnesium sulphate IV
Move off affected pasture and feed high Mg cake

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10
Q

Hypophosphataemia causes red urine. Why?

A

Low phosphate causes peri/post-parturient haemoglobinuria

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11
Q

How is hypophosphataemia treated?

A

Give phosphorus supplements

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12
Q

What is milk fever?

A

Hypocalcaemia +/- hypophosphataema

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13
Q

When is milk fever most likely to occur?

A

Around calving time

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14
Q

When is milk fever more likely to occur - for Heifers or older cows?

A

Cows from 3rd birth onwards

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15
Q

What are the symptoms of milk fever in cattle?

A 
Hyperexcitation
Tremor
Recumbency - S shaped
No faeces/urine output
Dry nose
Postural bloat
Slow heart rate
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16
Q

What is the treatment for milk fever?

A

Calcium borogluconate IV
Phosphate supplements
Place in sternal recumbency for bloat

17
Q

Subclinical hypocalcaemia reduces immune function, predisposing cattle to which conditions?

A

Mastitis and endometritis

‘Post-partum depression’

18
Q

How is milk fever prevented?

A

Maximised DMI pre-calving
Feed low Ca, high Mg diet
Zeolite (calcium binding)

19
Q

In sheep, is milk fever associated with lambing?

A

No - associated with DMI fall

20
Q

What causes ruminal acidosis?

A

Excess D-lactic acid (encourages growth of Lactobacilli bacteria)
Due to XS concentrates or insufficient fibre

21
Q

Why does digestion efficiency drop with ruminal acidosis?

A

Low pH destroys papillae

Causes ruminitis

22
Q

Ruminal acidosis can lead to ruminitis, and sometimes even colon acidosis. What would be found in faeces that suggests damage to the colon wall?

A

Fibrin casts

23
Q

What is the normal rumen pH?

A

6.5

24
Q

What in saliva buffers acid when cudding long fibre?

A

Sodium bicarbonate

25
Q

What is the difference between subacute and acute ruminal acidosis?

A 
Subacute = pH <5.5
Acute = pH <5.0
26
Q

Subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) is the most common nutritional disorder in cattle. What are the clinical signs?

A

Swishing tail (sore bum due to faeces with mucus casts and long fibres)
Weight loss
Poor health/immunosuppression - predisposed to LDAs, ketosis, mastitis, infections

27
Q

How is SARA diagnosed?

A

Rumenocentesis

Assess 2-4 hours after feeding

28
Q

Which stage of cattle should have rumenocentesis to diagnose SARA?

A

Cows 14-21 days post-calving (still adapting to ration, DMI not maximal)
Cows 60-80 days post calving (adapted to ration, maximal DMI)

29
Q

What acid predominates in acute ruminal acidosis?

A

Lactic acid

30
Q

What feeds cause excess lactic acid production, leading to acute ruminal acidosis?

A

Grain - ‘barley poisoning’

Over-eating or sudden introduction

31
Q

Acute ruminal acidosis is often an individual problem, where as SARA is a herd problem. What are the clinical signs of acute acidosis?

A 
Mild ataxia to recumbency/shock
Bloat
Ataxia
Profuse, smelly D+ 
Depression
32
Q

Acute ruminal acidosis and hypocalcaemia/milk fever both cause bloat and recumbency. How do they differ in terms of clinical signs related to faecal production?

A

Acute luminal acidosis - profuse smelly diarrhoea

Hypocalcaemia - no faecal output

33
Q

How is acute ruminal acidosis prevented?

A

No access to food store
Care with introducing grain
Good fibre source

34
Q

Mild cases of acute ruminal acidosis seem almost normal clinically. What should be the treatment?

A

Give hay

Observe

35
Q

Subacute cases of acute ruminal acidosis are fairly bright, eating and with no ataxia. How should they be treated?

A

Give hay and oral antacids

36
Q

Acute and pareacute cases of ruminal acidosis have severe ataxia, recumbency, blindness and severe dehydration. How should they be treated?

A 
Rumenotomy - empty stomach contents
Sodium bicarbonate IV
Calcium borogluconate
Balanced fluids - restrict water intake for 12-24 hours 
\+/- NSAIDs/Abs

GI/Nutrition (LHW) (12 decks)

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