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ethics > meta ethics > Flashcards

meta ethics Flashcards

1
Q

what is moral realism and moral anti realism

A

Moral Realism: moral properties (like goodness/badness) exist in reality.

Moral anti-realism: moral properties (like goodness/badness) do not exist in reality.

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2
Q

what is linguistic cognitivism vs non-cognitivism

A

Cognitivism: ethical language expresses beliefs about reality which can therefore be true or false.

Non-cognitivism: ethical language expresses some non-cognition like an emotion, so does not attempt to describe reality and therefore cannot be true or false.

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3
Q

what are two cognitivist ethical theories

A

ethical naturalism

intuitionism

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4
Q

3 examples of ethhical naturalism

A
  • natural law is theological naturalism
  • utilitarianism
  • bradley !
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5
Q

what is ethical naturalism

A

ethical view that claims ethical statements express propositions and some of these are true by objective features.

-can observe what is good and there is evidence for what is good
this jumper is brown and hitler is evil are both factual statements

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6
Q

moore on ethical naturalism

A

naturalistic fallacy
moral properties may correlate with natural ones but they are not equal
For example: a moral act such as giving to charity might make me happy, but the morality of the act merely gives way to the happiness, and is not the happiness in itself.

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7
Q

how do ethical naturalists respond to claims that there is different opinions on morals

A

they are not looking at evidence properly - could be problematic to suggest an entire culture is wrong

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8
Q

what is Bradley’s naturalism

A

believed that ethical statements expressed propositions
which were provable as true or false

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9
Q

positives of ethical naturalism (3)

A
  • explains cultural relativity
  • explains diff in opinions
  • establishes base level moral code
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10
Q

negatives of ethical naturalism (3)

A
  • a lot of things arent black/white so are not only good or only bad
  • how can majority of the past be ethics blind as well as countries - implies certain countries are morally superior
  • how can it be cognitive if not verified analytically/ synthetically
  • is-ought gap
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11
Q

what is the is/ought gap

A

hume
people jump from is statements to ought statements
torture is painful, we ought not to torture
it is just an opinion everyone agrees on and is no longer cognitive

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12
Q

how does phillipa foot respond to evaluations of ethical naturalism

A

telos of a tree - evidence of goodness from its roots, equally good for a human to be honest as it can better perform its function

  • telos for humanity that betters its chances of group survival
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13
Q

what does Moore say about defining good

A

just like we cannot describe the colour yellow we cannot describe good, only give examples of it. cannot be broken further

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14
Q

“good is good and that is the end of the matter” - who says this

A

Moore

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15
Q

what is the naturalistic fallacy

A

replacing natural things with good
eg. benthan replaces pleasure with good. not all things that give pleasure are good - gambling, drugs

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16
Q

who claims we intuitively know what is good

A

Prichard

17
Q

what does Prichard say about meta ethics

A

intuitionism
- morals and logic can be intuited
- intuition decides our duty but reason is what collects the facts of a situation

18
Q

who talks about prescriptivism

A

Hare :)

19
Q

what does Hare say about moral language

A

it is prescriptive because it tells us what we ought to be doing.
it is like a prescription a doctor gives telling us what is wrong
- universalisability principle

20
Q

what was prescriptivism an improvement on

A

Ayer’s emotivism

21
Q

what was hare influenced by

A
  • Kant - universalised
  • serving in ww2 and his treatment by japanese soldiers
22
Q

what example did hare use to explain why moral language wasn’t based on emotion

A

ppl defending slavery didn’t think about emotion their morals were based on what they thought should be prescribed universally. they know treatment is bad

23
Q

what is hares universability principle

A

a moral claim is saying everyone ought to follow it

  • sex before marriage is bad so people ought not to do it
24
Q

what ethical theory talks about boo/hurrah

A

emotivism

25
Q

Vienna Circle

A

group of philosophers known as logical positivists who rejected claims that moral truth can be verified as objectively true

26
Q

what is boo/hurrah

A

ayer - ethical theories are no different to saying boo/hurrah because they are just expressing opinions

27
Q

how is emotivism based on the verification principle and hume

A

statements are only meaningful if they are analytic or synthetic

Hume maintained one cannot observe moral facts from situations.

28
Q

emotivism evaluation: how could there be evidence for something being wrong

A

may not be able to prove it but it is easy to list off reasons why paedophilia is wrong - abuse, psychological effects

29
Q

emotivism evaluation - wojtyla

A

– K. Wojtyla - ethical demands and stances grow out of human encounter –

encountering good, bad etc uncovers sense of morality and the need to be moral

so ethical statements do not require logical or scientific justification, but instead experience of being human and living

30
Q

kiki is brave - explained

A

even statements that sound verifiable such as kiki is brave are not actually able to be verified because they are emotive

31
Q

what does humes fork aim to show

A

to show that moral judgements cannot be judgements of reason (neither analytic or synthetic).

Hume’s fork claims that there are two types of judgements of reason:

Synthetic judgements, only known a posteriori.
Analytic judgements, only known a priori.

32
Q

define emotivism

A

right and wrong are subjective and simply expression of an emotional state

33
Q

define prescriptivism

A

ethical language is subjective and expresses how we want people to behave

ethics (7 decks)

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