met week 3 Flashcards
BMI intervals
underweight less than 18.5 normal 18.5 to 24.9 overwieght 25 to 29.9 obese 30 or greater morbidly obese 40
whats the correlation between BMI and body fat
positive relationsip
why are some people not obese even with high BMI
athletes
drugs linked with weight gain?
diabetes medicine,
mood stabilizers, corticosteroids, beta blockers
why does insulin lead to weight gain
insulin inhibits breakdown of fat
stimulates fatty acid and triaglycerol synthesis in tissue
increases uptake of triglycerides from blood into adipose tissue
decreases rate of fatty osidation in muscle and liver
how is insulin linked to weight
high insulin high weight
low insulin low weight.
what T2D drugs increase insulin levels
insulin
sulforeas (gl, gl)
T2d
what t2d drugs stablilize insulin levels
metformin
DPP IV inhibitirs (januvia, ongylyza, trajenta)
what t2 diabetes drugs decrease insulin levels
acarbose
sglt 2 inhibitirs
what pscyhiatric conditions is obesity associated with
autism schizophrenia
for waht conditions is the proportion higher if you also have obesity
hypertension
depression
what is syndromic monogenic obesity
rare condition. gene like SNRPN, prader wili syndrome, fragile x syndrome, (both autosomal dominant= but also bardet beidl asltrom syndrome which is a cilipahty
what is the link between cilia and obseity
- primary cilium has a key role in the differentiation of adipocytes, the pathogenesisof obesity, is is some cases a defect in adipogenesis
- the the cilia mediates leptin receptr (LEPR) signaling (an important mediator of appetite regulation and fat intake)
what genes are involved in non syndromic monogenic obesity
12 genes. that have roles in energy maintenace as part of the leptin melanocortin pathway.
what neuronres do insulin and leptin target
neuronres of the arcuate nucleus so it decresaes food intake.
mutation leading to polygenic obestiy
PPARgamma2 leading to ciliopathies
if someone has a pear shaped body, do they have more or less visceral fat
less so lower risk of weight related health problems
if someone has an apple shaped body, do they have more or less visceral fat
more visceral fat so hgiher risk of helath related problems
what kind of fat do people iwth pear shaped body have
subcutaneous
by how many years do obesity related diseases cut lifespan
by 11 years
whats an example of an adipokine
leptin
link between obesity and type 2 dibaetes
- chronic inflammation
- altered adipokine levels (high levels of leptin)
- breakdwon of fat metabolism (accumulation of lipids in the tissue)
- breakdwon of the regulation of glucose metabolism.
anti obesity drug
orlistat (gastric and pancreatic lipase inhibitor. reduces absorption of dietary fat. but problematic because fat soluble vitmains wont be absrobed
who is surgery performed on
patients with morbid obesity (BMI over 40) or bmi over 35 with obesity related complciations )after conventional medical treatmens failed.
what are the two types of suregry that can be done
restircitve (bypass, gastric banding etc=
malabsorptive )biliopancreatic diversion, roux en y gastric bypass)
restricitve plus malabsroptive (roux en y gastric bypass)
define atherosclerosis
a focal chronic inflammatory disease of large and medium arteries. induced by lipid products and charaterised by intiimal thickening and lipid deposiiton.
rold of CD36
transports excess fatty acids from blood lipids into cells-
how is fat linked to insulin resistance
so cd36 trasnprots some fat into cell but if too much accumulates inside cell then you get toxic products like seramide which can block effect of insulin on receptor so you get insulin resistance
why is arachidonic acid importnat
incorporated into membrane phosphlipid. , its release from the cell emmbrane also initiates inflammaiton.
why are trans fat bad
they ause changes of lipoporeitns
what is protective in terms of diet and cvd
flavonoids
what is blood homoyteine
a risk factor for cvd. low folate or b12 causes a low methionine and high blood homocysteine
what more importnat calorie intake or fat intake
calorie intake
