mental welllbeing

Question 1

levels of functioning

Answer 1

• the degree to which an individual can complete day to day tasks in an efficient manner
• a person who may exhibit high levels of functioning will exercise personal hygiene and dress appropriately, as well as the ability to adapt to environmental changes
• a person with low levels of functioning may demonstrate a struggle when attempting to undertake basic everyday tasks due to feelings of uncharacteristically tiredness thus unproductive in achieving tasks.

Question 2

resilience

Answer 2

• the ability of an individual to be able to cope and manage uncertainty and change. If a person demonstrates resilience they will be able to overcome these stressors and recovers from challenges presented
• high levels of resilience demonstrate seeking solutions and using appropriate coping mechanisms, as well as maintaining an optimistic and hopeful state of mind
• low levels of resilience will demonstrate enduring feelings of being overwhelmed when problems arise whilst relying on unhealthy unhelpful coping strategies and failing to remain optimistic and hopeful throughout.

Question 3

social wellbeing

Answer 3

• the ability for an individual to form and maintain meaningful bonds in relationships as well as the ability to adapt to different social situations
• high levels of social wellbeing demonstrate being able to effectively communicate in relationships and well as having a strong support network of meaningful bonds made in relationships
• low levels of social wellbeing demonstrate the lack of ability to effectively communicate in relationships as well as not having a strong support network around them with struggles creating meaningful bonds

Question 4

emotional wellbeing

Answer 4

• the ability for an individual to regulate and understand their emotions as well as being able to understand the emotions of others
• high levels of emotional wellbeing demonstrate the ability to control and express emotions at appropriate times, as well as being aware of them and others
• feeling numb or inability to express a range of emotions, or expressing certain emotions at inappropriate times, without being able to understand theres of the emotions of others.

Question 5

gaba dysfunction

Answer 5

• gaba dysfunction refers to insufficient neural transmission or reception of gaba throughout the body, as a result of low production of the main inhibitory neurotransmitter (gaba), this restricts gaba from preventing over excitation and uncontrolled firing.
• when this happens an individual with low production of gaba’s fight of flight response may be more activated as a result.

Question 6

long term potentiation

Answer 6

• when a neural signal involved in perceiving a stimulus is regularly co activated with a neural signal that is involved in activating a fear response, strengthening an association between the two and contributing to the development of a phobia

Question 7

precipitation by classical conditioning

Answer 7

a phobia can be learnt
this can be done by a neutral stimulus (phobic stimulus) being paired with an unconditioned stimulus which would elicit and unconditioned response then resulting in the conditioned stimulus (now known as the phobic stimulus) eliciting a conditioned response

E.G
BC
- NS (pulling down pantry door) elicits no response
DC
- NS (pulling down pantry door) paired with UCS (spider jumping out) elicits UCR (fear)
AC
- CS (pulling down pantry door) now elicits CR (fear)

Question 8

perpetuation by operant conditioning

Answer 8

when an individual has a phobia they will avoid it at all costs
This is the process of an individual avoiding a stimulus and the fear response that comes with it as well, resulting in the phobia only strengthening and maintaining its position as the negative reinforcement continues

E.G
antecedent - phobic stimulus
behaviour - avoiding phobic stimulus
consequence - avoidance of fear response and strengthen of phobia

Question 9

cognitive bias

Answer 9

when an individual has a predispostion of a stimulus resulting in them having an error in their judgement when they perceive a stimulus as they may see it in a harmful, dangerous or scary way when it most likely may cause no threat.

Question 10

memory bias

Answer 10

when a MEMORY of a stimulus is exaggerated or remembered inaccurately

Question 11

cognitive bias

Answer 11

when a stimulus is PREDICTED to be far worse than it actually is

Question 12

direct confrontation

Answer 12

when an individual is directly confronted by a traumatic stimulus

Question 13

observation

Answer 13

when an individual witnesses another individual directly confronted by traumatic stimulus

Question 14

learning

Answer 14

when an individual learns about a POTENTIALLY traumatic stimulus or event indirectly

Question 15

evidence based interventions

Answer 15

refers to treatments discovered that are found to be effective on the basis of scientific research
the treatments are proven to be effective through research studies rather than just soley on theory

Question 16

benzodiazepines

Answer 16

refers to when an individual has low gaba production throughout their body, meaning over excitation and uncontrolled firing is not regulated nor prevented like a person with normal production of gaba. Benzos bind to gaba receptor and mask the low production of gaba and induces inhibitory responses, which make neurons less likely to fire as well as relieve the fear response and in turn reduce feelings of our fight or flight response and anxiety.

Question 17

breathing retraining

Answer 17

when an individual comes into contact with their phobic stimulus their fear response is induced and their sympathetic nervous system is prevalent. the process of breathing retraining allows for the individual to reduce potential hyperventilation and maintain their fight or flight response

Question 18

CBT

Answer 18

cognitive behavioural therapy refers to the process of substituting dysfunctional cognitions and behaviours for more adaptive ones. In order for this to happen an individual first has to meet with a qualified therapist in which will identify the phobia and predominantly identify the cognitions or behaviours that may perpetuate or contribute to the phobia.

Question 19

systematic desensitisation

Answer 19

the process of incrementally exposing an individual to particular anxiety inducing stimuli with the assistance of relaxation techniques
step 1; learning relaxation techniques;
- this process refers to the individual becoming educated on ways they are able to reduce arousal and anxiety initiating from the fear response e.g breathing retraining
step 2; fear hierarchy;
- refers to listing anxiety inducing stimlui from most confronting to least confronting
step 3; gradually progressing through the steps;
step 4; continuation;
starting from least moving onwards toward most
continuing repeating steps of systematic desensitisation until the individual can be in contact with their most fear inducing stimulus without fear response

Question 20

cultural continuity

Answer 20

refers to educating and passing a series of values, beliefs and traditions from generation to generation so that these beliefs cannot be destroyed and kept relevant between society

Question 21

social determinants

Answer 21

the circumstances in which we live, grow and work
e.g socioeconomic status, poverty impact and unemployment

Question 22

historical determinants

Answer 22

the influence of events, policies and trauma on groups of people
e.g colonisation and legacy as well as impact of past gov policies