memory and learning Flashcards
hippocampus
explicit - episodic, semantic
“spatial memory”
formation of emotionally arousing memories
where and when
amygdala
retrieving and regulating of emotionally arousing memories
formation of classically conditioned responses
fear or anger predominantly
the amount of “noradrenline” will depend on the emotional significance of the memory
“flashbulb memory” recall of a highly detailed emotionally arousing experience
neocortex
long term storage of explicit episodic semantic memories
info received from hippocampus is eventually moved to neocortex where it is stored
(memory is stored where it is received)
cerebellum
encoding TEMPORARY storage of implicit memories
PERMANENTLY stores classically conditioned procedural memories
coordinates memories involved with movement and fine motor skills
basal ganglia
encodes and stores procedural and classical memories learnt in classical conditioning
building habits and motor movement
stores implicit memories (habituation learning)
neutral stimulus
any stimulus in which doesn’t trigger a response
UCS
a stimulus which constantly and naturally stimulates a response
UCR
response that is automatically triggered when presented with a stimulus
CS
stimulus that was initially neutral in which now triggers/ stimulates a response similar to UCS
CR
learnt response to CS
occuring after repeated pairing / association between NS + UCS
antecedent
stimulus in which come before the behaviour
triggering a beahviour
behaviour
VOLUNTARY response to antecedent when stimulus is present.
adjustment to an environment
consequence
response happening after behaviour, kind of consequence produced has an impact on whether or not behaviour is likely or unlikely to occur again.
positive reinforcement
DESIRABLE stimulus is ADDED in aim for the behaviour to reoccur
negative reinforcement
ADVERSE stimulus is removed in aim for the likelihood of a behaviour to increase
positive punishment
UNPLEASANT stimulus ADDED to weaken the likelihood of a behaviour continuing
negative punishment
PLEASANT stimulis is REMOVED to weaken likelihood of a behaviour continuing
sensory memory
entry point in which new info is temporarily stored (brief period of time)
unlimited capacity
iconic: 0.3 echoic: 3-4
stored in sensory registers in which if info is paid attention then moves to short term memory
short term memory
allows us to manipulate and actively work on info
7 + - 2 pieces of info at a time
12 secs of no recall we start forgetting
18 secs it is almost completely gone
decay
when info is forgotten due to it not being renewed
displacement
when info is forgotten due to it being pushed out by new incoming stimuli
long term memory
potentially unlimited amount of info can be stored for a potentially unlimited amount of time
explicit memory
memory with awareness
conciously retrieved
episodic memory
memory relating to a personal event or experience
personal diary
semantic memory
memory relating to general knowledge or facts
not detailed with tags of time and space
implicit memory
memory without awareness
unconcious retrieval
non declarative
procedural memory
memory relating to motor skills previously learnt
difficult to put into words therefore demonstrated through behaviour
classically condtioned
implict memories learnt through conditioned stimuli eliciting conditioned response
fear and anxiety
autobiographical memories
personally lived experiences
interpretations of situation in which are retrieved every time we speak about them
retrieval occurs through hippocampus for episodic experiences
possible imagined futures
hypothetical situations in which an individual has the ability to create
alzheimers disease
degeneration of neuron’s in which memory declines as well as the potential of personality changes
neurofibrially tangles
proteins formed within a neuron inhibitng transport of essential substances between neuron
amyloid plaques
proteins formed on neurons preventing communication between neurons as neural transmission is inhibited
alzheimers symptoms
memory loss
tremors
alzheimers long lasting affects
death of neurons
brian shrinkage
aphantasia
renders individuals ability to visualise imagery
making it difficult for those with aphantasia to draw rich details from episodic memories (autobiographical, possible imagined futures)
acronyms
taking the first letter of a desired word and making it into an easier word to remember
SAME
acrostic
phrase made up with the letters of a desired word NESW - never eat soggy weetbix
method of loci
remembering a word of piece of info by pairing the desired info with imagery journey
hippocampus is in the pool
sung narratives
singing as as way of breaking up pieces of desired information so it is easier to recall
songlines
memory codes tracing a journey through country
describing landmarks so that a travellers know they’re going in the right direction
encoding
information is received and converted for storage
explicit; hippocampus encodes episodic and semantic memories as well as amygdala encoding emotionally arousing components of these memories
implicit; basal ganglia encodes procedural memories relating to movement and building habits
hippocampus encodes classically conditioned learnt memories
amygdala encodes implicit memories with emotional significance
storage
information is retained in memory until it is needed
explicit; neocortex stores episodic and semantic memories
implicit; basal ganglia stores classically conditioned memories
cerebellum stores procedures memories
retrieval
memory is recovered from storage where it is needed
within design
when all participants experience the same kind of condtions
between design
when participants are assigned to groups and experience different kinds of conditions
mixed design
when all participants experience both within experiemental design aswell as between design
