Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Chemistry Drugs > Mental Illness > Flashcards

Mental Illness Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

How many people are affected by mental illness?

A

1 in 4 people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Major Mental Illness

A

Schizophrenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Major Mental Illness

A

Depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Major Mental Illness

A

Mania

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Major Mental Illness

A

Anxiety

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Major Mental Illness

A

OCD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What causes Mental Illness?

A

There are many theorie…

  • demons
  • middle ages: brain was clogged up with stones and they tried to do surgery to get these stones out
  • Ancient romans thought it was caused by the moon (hence, lunatic)!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Treatments for Mental Illness

A

Trepanation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Trepanation

A

Drilling holes in the skull to release the demons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Amanada Feilding

A

said that we can reach a “higher level of consciousness” by drilling a hole in our skull

  • argument: we have evolved and become bipedal - so our blood pressure wasn’t good enough –> mental illness
  • if we make a hole in our skull, not as much pressure is needed to get the blood to our brain
  • she even ran for parliament twice with a platform that trepanation should be covered under the national health plan
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Peter Halvorson

A

“hole in the head” advocator

- he even drilled a hole in his head

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Trepanation

A

thought to be possessed by the devil so victims were heated up to try and dry out the devil

  • witches being burned at the stake
  • they were chained
  • constant water on their head
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

1st person to look at mental illness “scientifically”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Freud believed that mental illness was caused by…

A

“a struggle between the conscious and subconscious mind” (and nothing to do with the spirits)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Luigi Galvani (1780) noticed…

A

“animal Electricity”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Frog leg experiment

A
  • dissection of frogs
  • could make a frog leg vibrate with electromagnetic spark
  • took some frog’s legs and held them outside on a wire to get lightning to strike
  • when the legs were stroke with lightning they moved!
  • but he thought electricity came from animal’s muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Animal electricity

A

stored electricity that would be released when in contact with a metal = battery!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Who rejected the idea of “animal electricity”

A

Alessandro Volta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Volta thought that electricity came from

A

the contact of muscle to the metal post

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Volta built the first

A

BATTERY! from layers of metal and salt soaked paper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

By the early 1900s it was clear that the human nervous system functioned through …

A

electrical impluses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does the electrical signal transform into physical action?

A

OTTO LOEWI - 1920

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Otto took a heart from a …

A

frog and attached some electrodes to it to send a current and a get the heart beating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What did he drip over the heart as he did this…

A

an AQUEOUS SOLUTION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

He took that solution and put it over another heart and guess what happened?

A

THE HEART BEAT!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

OTTO DISCOVERED…

A

NEUROTRANSMITTERS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Neurotransmitters are…

A

chemicals that are released by nerve cells to trigger action somewhere else

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Acetylcholine

A

caused the heart to slow down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what causes heart to speed up?

A

Epinephrine aka adrenalin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what squeezes norepineprhine and dopamine out of vesciles?

A

Amphetamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what prevents the reuptake of neurotransmitters

A

Tricyclics - antidepressants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

MAO inhibitors prevent the breakdown of …

A

neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Neuroleptics block receptors for

A

dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Neurons

A

nerve cells that are involved in relaying info to an from the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

which neurons recieve a signal/

A

dendrites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Axon…

A

transmits signals to dendrites on the next nerve cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

the synapse is the space between the

A

axon of one cell and dendrites of the next cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Neurons release chemicals which cause …

A

neurotransmitters which modulate brain function and have an important role in mental illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Neurotransmitters diffuse across the

A

synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

GABA

A

Gamma aminobutryic acid = common neurotransmitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Schizophrenia

A
  • loss of contact with relatiy
  • visual and auditory hallucinations
  • delusions of persecution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Henri Laborit - 1952

A

noticed that many pateints would have heart attacks right before surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Laborit thought that the anxiety could be treated with

A

anti-histamines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Laborit used…

A

Promethazine / phenegran

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

a similar drug to promethazine =

A

chlorpromazine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Chlorpromazine

A
  • calmin effects

- first effective drug against schizophrenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Side effect to chlorpromazine =

A

parkinson - like symptoms

  • tremors
  • dry mouth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Nathan kline was a

A

psychiatrist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Kline experiemented with …

A

reserpine from the Snakeroot plant for treat schizoprenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

reserpine caused ….

A

dopamine to leak out of vesicles - reducing its levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Resperine also helps with

A

parkinson-like symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Other common treatments for schizophrenia

A

perphenazine = cholopromazine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Other common treatments for schizophrenia

A

Haldol / haloperidol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Other common treatments for schizophrenia

A

Clozapine / Clozaril

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Other common treatments for schizophrenia

A

Risperidone / Risperdal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Other common treatments for schizophrenia

A

Olanzapine/ Zyprex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What percent of schizoprenics acieve remission w/ appropriate medications?

A

25%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Depression

A

Feeling

  • hoplessness
  • pessimism
  • uselessness

FOR NO REAL REASON

59
Q

Antidepressants

A

Tricylics

60
Q

Tricyclis resulted from a search for an “improved” version of …

A

chlorpromazine to treat schizophrenia

61
Q

was tricyclics effective for schizophrenia?

A

no… but it elevated mood

62
Q

tricyclis is a ___ ringed strucutre

A

3

63
Q

Imipramine (tofranil) blocks…

A

reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine

64
Q

Deprex aka amitriptyline

A

Elavil

65
Q

Anafranil

A

clomipramine

66
Q

Side effect of tricyclics

A
  • anticholinergic: dry mouth, blurred vision

- antiadrenergic: irregular heart beat

67
Q

How do you increase serotonin and norepinephrine in synapse without the side effects of the tricyclics?

A

PROZAC

68
Q

Prozac is a …

A

SSRI aka selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

69
Q

how does prozac work?

A
  • released and fits into the receptors of the receiving brain cell
  • if serotoning levels drop –> deperession
  • once serotonin has done its job, it goes back into the synapse and is picked up by the transmitting cell
  • prozac blocks the reuptake to keep the serotonin levels in the synapse up –> antidepressant
  • to send a message to the brain, a cell releases serotonin
  • seotonin locks onto the receptros of neighbouring brain cell
  • serotonin triggers process that relay the message to the enxt brain cell
  • normally serotonin is reabsorbed into the transmitting brain cell
  • prozac and similar drugs block reabsorption to keep more serotonin available for use
70
Q

Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors

A

reduce the side effects as they don’t affect other neurotransmitters - no cross reactivity

71
Q

Is prozac a SSRI?

A

HECK YA! it’s the most commonly prescribed antidepressant

72
Q

Side effects of SSRIs

A
  • Nausea
  • Anxiety
  • Sleep Disturbances
  • Sexual Dysfunction
  • Possibly an increased suicide rate (especially in children)
73
Q

Setraline

A

zoloft

74
Q

fluovoxamine

A

luvox

75
Q

maprotiline

A

ludiomil

76
Q

paroxetine

A

paxil

77
Q

trazodone

A

desyrel

78
Q

citalopram

A

celexa

79
Q

Joseph Wesbecker

A

went on a muderous spree and people think this happened because he tok prozac

80
Q

Is there a correlation with prozac and committing suicide?

A

those who took prozac - especially teenagers - had a higher risk of committing suicide

  • those who are depressed have a higher risk of committing suicide to begin with
  • in controlled trials there was no difference in the frequency of suicidal thoughts in subjects taking prozac, a tricylic or a placebo
81
Q

scientology is ____ any kind of drug used to treat mental probelms

A

against

82
Q

which famous actor believes in scientology

A

tom cruise

83
Q

What else does prozac help with?

A

OCD: OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER

84
Q

what percent of the population is affected by OCD

A

2%

85
Q

OCD is an …/ obession

A

unwanted, unreasonable and intrusive thought

86
Q

about ___% of first degree relatives of people with OCD have the disease

A

20%

87
Q

Around 20% of OCD patients also have

A

Ticks

88
Q

%0% of patients with ____ have OCD

A

tourette’s syndrome

89
Q

Trigotylomania is an example of OCD

A

its the pulling and twisting of hair, to the point where it is pulled out

90
Q

Gourmand syndrome is the obsession with

A

Food!

91
Q

Compulsions

A

rituals performed to gain relief from obsessive thoughts

92
Q

Howard hughes designed the largest

A

airplane ever called the spruce goose

93
Q

Hughes was extremely scared of

A

contamination

94
Q

is OCD due to some rooted emotional conflict?

A

No.

95
Q

OCD is due to some

A

imbalance in the brain

96
Q

What is known to trigger OCD?

A

injury to the head, epileptic seizures and storkes

97
Q

The OCD logo is the

A

panda bear

98
Q

another possible cause for OCD

A

streptococcus

99
Q

OCD treatment

A

Drug therapy

100
Q

Anafranil

A

given for depression but can also improve OCD sumptoms

101
Q

how does anafranil work?

A

it increases serotonin levels

102
Q

Side effects of anafranil

A
  • diziness
  • sedation
  • dry mouth
  • weight gain
  • sexual dysnfunciton
103
Q

OCD treatment - Drug

A

SSRIs

104
Q

what percentage of people respond to SSRIs with an improvement in symptoms?

A

40-60%

105
Q

how many weeks of taking this drug is required until improvement?

A

10-12 weeks

106
Q

__% of people relapse if drugs are stopped

A

90

107
Q

Fuloxetine

A

Prozac

108
Q

Fluvoxaimne

A

Luvox

109
Q

Setraline

A

zoloft

110
Q

Paroxetine

A

Paxil

111
Q

Common side effects of SSRIs

A
  • Anxiety
  • decreased libido
  • sexual dysnfunction
  • diarhhea
  • sedation
  • headache
  • insomnia
  • dizziness
  • nausea
112
Q

Best chance of success for OCD?

A

behaviour therapy

113
Q

Two types of behaviour therapy

A
  • Confrontation therapy

- transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (mental imbalance_

114
Q

MAO inhibitors (OCD)

A

those suffering from tuberculosis - in the 1950s they were given an iproniazid drug and therapists noticed patients became more cheery

115
Q

Nathan kilned tried to ipronozaid on his pateints but…

A

some patients developed hihg blood pressure and some even got strokes

116
Q

what food are you NOT suppose to eat if you’re taking MAO inhibitors?

A

aged cheese!

117
Q

MAO regulates

A
  • noepinephrine
  • dopamine
  • serotonin
118
Q

Some foods containing _____ cause hypertension

A

tyramine

119
Q

MAO gets rid of …

A

tyramine

120
Q

so if we take MAO inhibitors then we are left with

A

high levels of tyramine

121
Q

What other foods should MAO inhibitor takers stay away from

A
  • beer
  • wine
  • chocolate
  • chicken liver
  • herring
  • aged cheese
  • ertain drugs like Demerol and decongestants
122
Q

Manic Depressive Disease - Bipolar Disease

A

fluctuating between being extremely happy and extremely depressed

123
Q

John cade

A

japanese war camp prisoner

124
Q

Cade noticed many who suffered from bipolar disease and thought…

A

“maybe mental illness is caused by some toxin that enters the brain and is therefore excreted in the urine”

125
Q

Cade injected urine from mentally ill patients into

A

guinea pigs

126
Q

The urine from the patients…

A

killed the guinea pigs more quickly

127
Q

He neutralizied uric acid and made…

A

LITHIUM CARBONATE

128
Q

Cade injected this in guinea pigs and resulted in

A

a calming effect

129
Q

Lithium treatment works by interferring with the

A

inositol synthesis

130
Q

side effect of lithium treatment

A

trembling hands and nausea

131
Q

Anxiety

A

characterized by unprovoked anxiety, or anxiety that is disproportionate to the situation

132
Q

Treatments for anxiety

A

barbiturates - first drug to treat anxiety

133
Q

Frank berger

A

tested drugs for antibiotic activity and made MEPHENESIN

134
Q

Mephenesin

A

looked like it had antibacterial properties - muscle relaxant

135
Q

Meprobamate

A

Miltown

136
Q

Barbiturates are effective but

A

addictive

137
Q

Librium

A

increases activity of GABA

138
Q

what is GABA?

A

inhibitory - it slows down info transmission in the brain

139
Q

Valium can put you

A

asleep

140
Q

Valium is also an effective

A

anti-anxiety drug

141
Q

Valium aka

A

Xanax

142
Q

Valium aka

A

Ativan

143
Q

Side effects of ativan

A

colourful dreams

Chemistry Drugs (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions