mental health & wellbeing Flashcards
dsm-5
US; diagnostic & statistical manual of mental disorders
icd
WHO; international classification of diseases
criticism of dsm
over 60% of dsm taskforces had links with pharmaceutical companies
psychological formulation
an attempt to use psychological knowledge to understand the origins, mechanisms, and maintenance of a person’s problems
GENERAL PSYCHOLOGICAL FORMULATIONS - the ‘five Ps’
predisposing factors precipitating factors perpetuating factors protective factors -------> the presentation/problem
THEORY SPECIFIC FORMULATION
early life event –> core beliefs –> conditional assumptions —-(critical incident)–> negative automatic thoughts
-> behaviour / emotions / physiological symptoms
what are the 3 key factors influencing mental health
macrolevel
interpersonal
intrapersonal
macrolevel factors
EX: poverty
large scale social processes which shape small scale interactions and thoughts
[macrolevel factors] social causation hypothesis
stress from poverty –> mental health issues
[macrolevel factors] social drift hypothesis
poor mental health –> inhibits socioeconomic attainment –> drift into poverty
how does poverty stigma influence mental health
harmful negative stereotypes; internalised hatred
lower socioeconomic level increases chances of harassment
experiences of social exclusion
intrapersonal factors [study]
systematic review of ~150k ppts showed strong associations between early life adversity and all forms of psychological disorders
what are the mechanisms of intrapersonal factors
- intrusions of unprocessed memories
- formation of negative self beliefs
- disruption of developmental pathways
- disruption of social bonds
how do information processing biases cause mental problems? [intrapersonal]
across cognitive domains:
selective attention –> memory –> interpretation –> cognitive products –> inhibition
clark model of intrapersonal factors
internal/external trigger
- -> perceived threat
- -> anxiety -> physiological & cognitive symptoms -> catastrophic misinterpretation -> safety behaviours
interpersonal factors
attachment, peers, family climate, social surroundings
EX: ainsworth’s attachment types
negative family emotional climate [interpersonal factors]
lack of positivity high negative emotional expression poorly managed parental emotion psychologically controlling behaviours = well established link to depression & anxiety
dwyer’s childhood study [interpersonal factors]
longitudinal study
parenting practices / mood & verbal problems were biggest predictors of mental health
+ family structure / SES didn’t matter
social support [interpersonal factors]
BUFFERING HYPOTHESIS
the quality of social support acts as a buffer for mental health issues and stigma reduction
4 different psychiatry models
ESSENTIALIST - mental disorders exist whether or not we recognise them, they’re indifferent to psychiatric classifications
SOCIALLY CONSTRUCTED - cultures and societies categorise phenomena as specific disorders, disorders ‘constructed’ in different times are not the same thing due to cultural change
PRACTICAL - phenomena is classified in whichever manner is the most practical for predicting behaviour
MPC - ‘mechanistic property clusters’, classified by the common/overlapping traits and structures
positive psychology interventions
the rise of ‘positive’ psychology post WW2 - interventions such as mindfulness, wellbeing not just trauma
positive psychology - ‘flourishing’
physical health, satisfaction, spirituality, stability happiness, life meaning
PATHWAYS = family, work, education, (religious) community
criticisms of ‘flourishing’
‘physical health’ condemns disabled comm.
trad views of religion are outdated
broad construct, lack of critical thinking
broaden and build theory [therapy]
positive feelings invoke exploratory behaviours, which lead to positive feelings & building resources
– training patients in positivist approaches
