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UOE PSYCH 2A > language > Flashcards

language Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the features of the taxonomic semantic hub?

3 feat, 1 area

A

features, categories, identification

anterior temporal lobe

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2
Q

What are the features of the thematic semantic hub?

3 feat, 1 area

A

events, relations, predictions

temporal parietal cortex

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3
Q

language is combinatorial

A

there are a few dozen speech sounds which can construct thousands of words

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4
Q

iconicity

A

creates a bridge from experience to linguistic symbols

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5
Q

quasi-regularity

A

language has rules and exceptions
different patterns capture the statistical regularity of language structure
(EX: spelling; not all spellings have the same pronunciation rules)

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6
Q

words are quasi-compositional

A

same words have different meanings depending on sentence context
hit the ball // hit the books

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7
Q

optimality in language

A

attempting to produce precision and simplicity in language – setting down a limited amount of accepted terms
[EX: kinship]

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8
Q

where is auditory processing in the brain

A

posterior superior temporal lobe

Heschl’s gyrus

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9
Q

methods for studying the brain

A

virtual lesions - non-invasive brain stimulation
neuroimaging - structural (MRI), voxel-based morphometry
- functional (EEG)

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10
Q

perceptual symbol system

A

concepts are defined by perception and action features; provides grounding for concepts

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11
Q

cognitive re-enactment / simulation

A

when imagining ourselves carrying out a concept, the brain regions involved are activated
= the regions involved in processing objects are also involved in representing object concepts

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12
Q

category-semantic deficits

A

(seen in stroke victims) some categories become specifically hard to perceive

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13
Q

sensory-functional distinction (category-semantic deficits)

A

in semantic categories, objects seemed to be divided into:
LIVING THINGS - defined by sensory knowledge
INANIMATE OBJECTS - defined by function

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14
Q

sapir-whorf hypothesis

A

labels influence how we think about concepts

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15
Q

semantic hub

A

central convergence zone, integrates different areas of the sensory brain

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16
Q

where does neurodegeneration of semantic knowledge happen

A

anterior temporal lobe

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17
Q

vocabulary explosion

A

begins at 14-18 months, start of dramatic lexical development, continues for years

18
Q

verb learning - syntactic bootstrapping

A

verbs are defined via their suffixes and sentence structure
= we can infer meanings of novel verbs through their use
+ subconsciously classify words by their use

19
Q

phonemes

A

abstract units of speech
the smallest unit of change that will change word meaning
[EX: minimal pairs; bat/mat]

20
Q

allophone

A

variation that does not change word meaning

21
Q

distributional learning

A

languages have distinct sound distribution,
when infants were tested, they were found to be sensitive to unfamiliar distribution of phonemes
= learn by sound distribution

22
Q

lexical feedback - word superiority effect

A

phonemes recognised faster in words than non words

23
Q

lexical feedback - Ganong effect

A

ambiguous speech sounds tend to be heard in a word consistent way
[? heard as g when ?ift, and k when ?iss]

24
Q

phoneme restoration

A

if a phoneme is replaced by a noise burst, people tend to restore the phoneme
neural activity in the left superior temporal gyrus matches the perception of the actual word

25
Q

tuning speech perception

A

a study created an artificial accent; afterwards ppts recognised non-words (which were words in the accent) as real words
= tuned into the accent as valid linguistics

26
Q

syntactic ‘frequent frames’

A

lots of words have consistent pockets

‘the ______ in’

27
Q

sentence parsing

A

sentences have a hierarchical set of relations

28
Q

resolving syntactic ambiguity

A

principles used:
interactive - looking at influences of context and other constraints
incremental - syntactic parsing begins with the first word [can be wrong]
parallel - multiple parses are considered
competitive - grammatical ambiguity takes time to resolve and needs additional resources

29
Q

syntactic priming

A

people hear a sentence with an object that is either passive or active
when asked to discuss the described event, they adopt the same syntactic choice

30
Q

forward model of speech production

A

the brain simulates the motor plan to correct any speech errors

31
Q

source-filter model of speech production

A

two stage process of the source (air coming from lungs) and the filter (articulators)

32
Q

spoonerisms

A

speech errors such as ‘crushing blow’ = ‘blushing crow’
EXCHANGE - swapping first letters
PERSEVERATION - repeating a letter/sound in one of the next words from the last one
ANTICIPATION - ‘reading list’ = ‘leading list’

33
Q

dysfluences

A

um, err, uhh
suggest planning is incomplete
common in aphasic speech

34
Q

damaged posterior temporal / inferior parietal lobe causes…………

A

syntax comprehension deficits

35
Q

damaged frontal lobe causes…………

A

syntax production deficits

36
Q

language change is mostly facilitated by

A

precision-simplicity optimisation

technological change – written language to texts

37
Q

communication accommodation

A

social, historical, and cultural factors that push speakers to adopt particular speech styles

38
Q

interactive alignment

A

cognitive processes that drive convergence between speakers (social factors which drive communication)

39
Q

intergroup dialect bias

A

language is a reliable social marker, groups had biases favouring their dialect

40
Q

US NORTHERN VS. SOUTHERN DIALECTS

A 
children started off favouring their own dialect, by 9/10 yrs both groups had developed the stereotype that Northern = smarter
// favoured friendships based on native accent rather than race
41
Q

types of social language shifts

A

conscious awareness - explicit decisions, language policies
overt prestige - switching dialects to ones known as aesthetically/morally ‘good’
planning - change can be planned or unplanned; emphasising local dialects for authenticity

UOE PSYCH 2A (5 decks)

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