Mental Health Part 1 PPT Flashcards
what is the most common mental health disorder?
anxitety
children with anxiety disorders have higher rates of what? (4)
1) suicidal behaviour
2) early parenthood
3) drug and alcohol dependence
4) educational underachievement
what is fear?
during a perceived threat, risking anxiety levels cause physical and emotional changes in all individuals
cognitive processes change and start be less aware of remote surroundings and more immediate and our brain is assessing various stimuli and trying to find a coping strategy
what is the normal response to anxiety?
physiological arousal
cognitive processes
coping strategies
what is anxiety?
an uncomfortable feeling of apprehension or dread
what is the difference between anxiety and fear?
fear is an immediate response, resulting in a flight or fight reaction. anxiety is more future orientated
does anxiety occur in response to internal or external stimuli?
both
what kinds of symptoms appear? (anxiety)
emotional, congitive, and behavioural symp
what is the Et of anxiety?
early life traumas
- hx of physical or sexual abuse
- socioeconomic or personal disadv (when parents choose to keep the lights on vs. keeping phone bill)
- behavioural inhibition by adults (presenting child as perfect being)
- genetic inheritance
what are two ways we can tell if it is a genetic inheritance (anxiety)
FMRI (functional MRI): putting a picture of what triggers the anxiety and seeing what part of the brain lights up
Giving meds like SSRIs and the symp decrease
What is the genetic theory
focus on genetic vulnerabilities that increase anxiety sensitivity, childhood maltreatment, environmental stressors, and dysregulations of neurotransmitter systems or the neural circuits that underpin fear and fear conditioning….so if children are subject to maltreatment they stay in a state of anxiety and can structurally develop new neural pathways
what is the neurobiology theory?
looking at FMRI, what regions of the brain are involved in anxiety and neueotransmitters. 2 are seratonin and gaba (also CRH- corticotropin-releasing hormone)
what is the psychodynamic theory?
focuses on the psychological infleuences on human behaviour, feelings and emotions and how these relate to early life experience. focus on trauma, attachment, separation and loss and the development of the symptoms following. these feelings such as low self-esteem, powerlessness can make children feel vulnerable in normal life events such as school
can symptoms of anxiety be fpund in healthy individuals?
yes
what does anxiety have to present like in order for it to be a disorder?
severity of symptoms and degree to which they impact social, occupational and interpersonal functioning that move anxiety symptoms to a disorder
what are the different types of anxiety disorders?
generalized anxiety disorder social anxiety disorder panic disorder specific phobias posttraumatic stress disorder OCD
how long do you have to have anxiety for it to be generalized anxiety disorder?
> 6 months about a number of events/activities
can anxiety in generalized anxiety disorder be due to another psychiatric disorder or medical condition or the effects of substance use/?
no!
in • Generalized anxiety disorder, are they aware of this anxiety?
yes, they are aware it is not normal
if the person has an eating disorder and is anxious from that for >6 months, is this generalized anxiety disorder?
no, it has to be separate from another disorder. the person can be anxious about food but can’t be r/t to another disorder
what are some substances that can induce anxiety?
caffeine, cocaine, cannabis, hallucongens, methamphetamines
what are some medical conditions that cause anxiety but not • Generalized anxiety disorder?
brain tumor or structural changes in brain, dementia, CV problems with palpitations, dyspnea, asthma, vertigo, migraines
what are some developmental disorders that cause anxiety but are not generalized anxiety disorder?
autism, aspergers
what are some symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder?
Feeling restless, keyed up, on edge
- Being easily fatigued
- Difficulty concentrating/mind going blank
- Irritability
- Muscle tension
- Sleep disturbances
what is the onset of generalized anxiety disorder?
onset is often early in life and follows a chronic course
is the severity of generalized anxiety disorder pretty consistent or can it change?
changes depending on life events and envirpntmental stressors
what is social anxiety disorder?
fear of social or performance situations and exposure to the feared social situation provokes anxiety
what is another form that social anxiety can take the form of ?
panic attack
does the person recognize social anxiety disorder?
yes they recognize the fear is excessive or unreasonable
how does the person with social anxiety disorder approach the situation?
avoids social/performance situations
what are some examples of what someone with social anxiety disorder would fear?
social situations, being judged (marked on examine), doing a presentation, test-taking, sexual relationships,
what are specific phobias?
marked fear or anxiety about a specific object or situation
what does the phobic object/situation provoke
fear or anxiety
is the fear/anxiety in proportion to the danger posed?
no much less
what are the two types of social phobias?
generalized social phobia and specific social phobia
what is the difference between the two types of social phobias?
generalized social phobia is anxiety is any general social situation and might cause dec in social skills and specific is a specific situation like class, writing, presenting, public washrooms
what is panic disorder?
recurrent panic attacks.
what do you need to happen in order to be diagnosed with panic disorder?
must have recurrent attacks, The attacks have been followed by one month (or
more) of one of the following (or more):
-Persistent concern about having additional
attacks
-Worry about the implications of the attack
-Significant change in behaviour related to the
attacks
basically change in behaviour because so worried about having another attack
do panic attacks have to follow a serious trigger or threat?
no, can be out of the blue
can panic disorder include other disorders?
yes anxiety of other disorders can cause this and interfere with everyday function
what is agoraphobia?
fear of crowds and open spaces which can be secondary to panic disorder
what is a panic attack?
Sudden, short periods of intense fear or
discomfort that are accompanied by significant
physical and cognitive symptoms (similar
symptoms to a heart attack)
is your cognition impacted in panic disorder?
yes, disorganized thinking (take a toothbrush and toothpaste and put toothpaste in sink)
what do you do first when someone is having a panic attack?
focus on breathing
what are some risk factors for panic disorders?
previous triggered panic attacks, family hx of psychological difficulties, being female, lifetime of mood disorder
what are some physical symptoms of panic attacks?
Physical: palpitations, rapid pulse, trembling,
short of breath
what are some cognitive symptoms of panic attacks?
Cognitive: (disorganized thinking, irrational fears,
fear of going crazy, fear of death)
what are common physical health problems with PD?
vertifo, cardiac disease, GI disorders and asthma
panic attacks present similarly to what?
MI bc of heart symptoms
panic attacks can lead to the development of what?
phobias (especially agoraphobia)
what are the different treatments of anxiety disorder?
pharmacological CBT breathing nutritio reduce stimulants relaxation sleep social spiritual
why do they use CBT for treatment
changes the way you think, your automatic behaviour and thoughts and recognizes when we rect that way and replace our thought with something positive
what od you have to be mindful of with family?
that they are also experiencing the disorder
what drugs might they trial on for something with an anxiety disorder?
SSRI or beta blocker like propraolo because reduces somatic symptoms for anxiety like tachy, diaphoresis, etc.
what is PTSD?
Experienced, witnessed or confronted with
an event that involved actual or threatened
death, injury and/or sexual violence
-Response involved intense fear,
helplessness or horror
how long do your symptoms have to be present for PTSD to be diagnosed?
> 1 month
how do you present with PTSD?
Efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, conversations -Avoid activities, places, people -Avolition -Emotional detachment -Restricted range of affect -Sense of foreshortened future
is the traumatic event re-exprienced in PTSD? how?
recurrent/intrusive recollections, in dreams,
act or feel it is recurring
intense psychological distress at exposure to internal or external cues that symbolize the traumatic event
what are persistent symptoms of PTSD/
Difficulty falling or staying asleep
- Irritability or outbursts of anger
- Difficulty concentrating
- Hypervigilance
- Exaggerated startle response
what is acute stress disorder?
same diagnostic as PTSD but development of characteristic symptoms lasts from 3 days up to 1 month following exposure.
does acute stress disorder lead to PTSD or does PTSD lead to acute stress disorder
acute stress to PTSD
T or F , 10% of people with PSTD attempt suicide?
F it is 27%
what are some treatment options for PTSD?
medication -prazosin (alpha 1 blocker that works for people with nightmares r/t PTSD bc lowers adrenaline), treatment for substance abuse, CBT
what does avolition mean?
people will start tasks but wont finish them or will avoid a task all together
what are obsessions?
Recurrent and persistent thoughts, impulses
or images that are experienced as intrusive
and inappropriate and cause marked anxiety
does a person with OCD understand the obsessions are a product of their own mind?
yes
what are compulsions?
Repetitive behaviours that the person feels
driven to perform in response to an
obsession, or according to rules that must be
applied rigidly
- The behaviours or mental act are aimed at
preventing or reducing distress or preventing
some dreaded event
how long are the obsessions or compulsions that cause marked distress?
> 1hr/day or significantly interfere with normal routine
what are the different types of obsessions?
Fear of contamination Loosing control Unwanted sexual thoughts Religious obsessions Fear of causing harm Obsessions related to perfectionism
what are the different types of compulsions?
Washing and cleaning Checking Repeating Mental compulsions Other compulsions
what are some treatment options for OCD?
CBT
-exposure response prevention
medication (antidepressants, mood stabilizers, benzos)
deep brain stimulation (localized electrical currents)
what suppresses or cures the obsession?
the compulsion
