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Yr 3 - Core Conditions > Mental Health > Flashcards

Mental Health Flashcards

1
Q

Mood vs affect?

A

Mood – A person’s predominant feeling at a given time (‘season’ or ‘climate’)

Affect – Involves moment to moment changes in the emotional state and the external expression of these feelings as observed by the examiner (‘day’ or ‘weather’)

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2
Q

Define mania

A

Mental illness marked by periods of great excitement or euphoria, delusions, and overactivity that lasts at least 7 days.

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3
Q

Define hypomania

A

A mild form of mania, marked by elation and hyperactivity.

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4
Q

Define euthymia

A

A normal, tranquil state/mood that is neither manic nor depressive, yet distinguishable from the state of healthy (commonly associated with bipolar disorder).

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5
Q

What condition is euthymia commonly associated with?

A

Bipolar disorder

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6
Q

Define subthreshold depression

A

Clinically relevant depressive symptoms that do not meet the criteria for a major depressive disorder.

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7
Q

Define major depression

A

Persistently depressed mood and long-term loss of pleasure of interest in life

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8
Q

Define mixed state

A

A state wherein features unique to both depression and mania occur wither simultaneously or in very short succession.

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9
Q

Disordered mood:

A
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10
Q

Give some red flags for mental health conditions

A
  • Thoughts of deliberate self-harm
  • Suicidal thoughts
  • Previous suicide attempts
  • No protective factors
  • Family history of suicide
  • Significant adverse life event
  • Anxiety
  • Loss of functioning
  • Risk to self or others
  • Command hallucinations
  • Grandiose delusions
  • Trouble with police
  • Alcohol dependency
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11
Q

What 2 features is depression characterised by?

A
  1. Persistently low mood
  2. Loss of interest in everyday activities (anhedonia)
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12
Q

Unipolar vs bipolar?

A
  • Unipolar – first occurrence or recurrent
  • Bipolar – reoccurrences of mania and depression
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13
Q

In people aged 18-44, what is the leading cause of disability and premature death in the UK?

A

Depression

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14
Q

Define DSM-5

A

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition

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15
Q

The DSM-5 outlines the criteria for a diagnosis of depression.

What are the 2 core symptoms?

A
  1. Depressed/low mood most of day, nearly every day
  2. Diminished interest or pleasure in doing things (anhedonia)
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16
Q

The DSM-5 outlines the criteria for a diagnosis of depression.

What are some associated symptoms?

A
  • Change in sleep – decreased (insomnia) or increased (hypersomnia)
  • Change in appetite and/or weight
  • Change in activity – psychomotor agitation or retardation
  • Fatigue or loss of energy
  • Feelings of excessive or inappropriate guilt and/or worthlessness
  • Concentration – diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness
  • Suicidality – thoughts or death or suicide, or has plan
17
Q

Are men or women more prone to depression?

A

Women

18
Q

Give some organic diseases that can cause low mood

A
  • Neurological disease e.g. Parkinson’s disease, dementia, MS
  • Endocrine disorder e.g. thyroid dysfunction, hypoadrenalism (e.g. Addison’s disease), hyperadrenalism (e.g. Cushing’s disease)
  • Drugs e.g. steroids, isotretinoin (Roaccutane), alcohol, beta-blockers, benzodiazepines, methyldopa
  • Chronic conditions e.g. diabetes, obstructive sleep apnoea, longstanding infections (e.g. mononucleosis)
  • Neoplasms & cancer – pancreatic cancer is a notable example
19
Q

What is bipolar affective disorder?

A

A mental disorder characterised by periods (2 or more) of depression and periods of elevated mood (mania).

20
Q

What can a ‘manic switch’ in bipolar disorder be induced by?

A

A ‘manic switch’ can sometimes be induced by someone with BAD taking antidepressants to treat a depressive episode

21
Q

Give some features of mania

A
  • Elevated mood or irritability
  • Impulsive & dangerous decisions with little thought for consequences
  • Need for sleep often reduced
  • Mood congruent delusions may be present
  • Often have pressured speech and exhibit flight of ideas
22
Q

What is the gold standard pharmacological medication for bipolar?

A

Lithium → acts as a mood stabiliser

23
Q

What is generalised anxiety disorder?

A

Characterised by disproportionate, pervasive, uncontrollable, and widespread worry and a range of somatic, cognitive and behavioural symptoms.

24
Q

What questionnaire can be used to help establish the severity of anxiety?

A

GAD-7 anxiety questionnaire

25
Q

What is the most common psychiatric disorder?

A

Anxiety disorders

26
Q

what age group are anxiety disorders typically seen in?

A

Adults between 35-55 y/o

27
Q

Give some risk factors for anxiety disorders

A
  • Female sex
  • Family history of psychiatric disorders
  • Childhood adversity e.g. maltreatment (sexual/physical abuse), parental problems with violence/alcoholism/drug use/mental illness, overprotective/harsh parenting, bullying
  • Environmental stressors e.g. domestic violence, unemployment, low socioeconomic status, physical/emotional trauma
  • Substance dependence
  • Chronic/painful illness e.g. arthritis
28
Q

Generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) defined and categorised by one of which two main classification systems?

A
  1. DSM-V
  2. ICD-10
29
Q

Describe the ICD-10 classification system for anxiety

A

Requires symptoms to be present for most days for several months and should include elements of:

  • a) Apprehension – worries about future misfortunes, feeling on edge, difficulty concentrating
  • b) Motor tension – restless fidgeting, tension headaches, trembling, inability to relax
  • c) Autonomic overactivity – light-headedness, sweating, tachycardia, epigastric discomfort, dizziness
30
Q

Describe the DSM-V classification system for anxiety

A

Requires core symptoms for more days than not, which are difficult to control and present for >6 months

31
Q

Give some differentials for anxiety disorder

A
  • Acute stress disorder
  • Obsessive compulsive disorder
  • Panic disorder
  • Post-traumatic stress disorder
  • Social phobia
  • Specific phobias
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Alcohol withdrawal
  • Cardiogenic causes
  • Hypoglycaemia
32
Q

Associated symptoms of anxiety?

A
  • Psychological – fears, worry, poor concentration, irritability, depersonalisation (altered or lost sense of personal reality or identity), derealisation (surroundings feel unreal), insomnia, night terrors
  • Motor – restlessness, fidgeting, feeling on edge
  • Neuromuscular – tremor, tension headache, muscle ache, dizziness, tinnitus
  • GI – dry mouth, can’t swallow, nausea, indigestion, butterflies, flatulence, frequent or loss motions
  • CVS – palpitations, chest discomfort
  • Respiratory – difficulty inhaling, tight/constricted chest
  • GI – urinary frequency, erectile dysfunction, amenorrhoea
33
Q

1st line pharmacological management of anxiety after psychoeducation/CBT etc

A

SSRIs

34
Q

What is a pre-occupation?

A

A worry/nagging doubt that something has happened/likely to happen/unlikely to happen

35
Q

Define a phobia

A

persistent and excessive fear of an object or situation

36
Q

What are the most common 3 phobias?

A
  1. Planes
  2. Heights
  3. Dentists
37
Q

Define an overvalued idea

A

An acceptable, comprehensible idea (may have an element of truth) pursued by the patient beyond the bounds of reason (belief that can be fixed but can be challenged).

E.g. a person who works at a company may rigidly maintain the idea that they are the most valuable member of the company/will save the company from ruin/will soon be made president of the company

38
Q

Define an obssession

A

A recurring thought or repetitive behaviours that you cannot control (compulsion does NOT relieve obsession in OCD)

39
Q

Define a delusion

A

A fixed, unshakeable belief, despite evidence to contrary, not held by others in the same culture and held with intense personal conviction and certainty.

E.g. a person believes that the government is controlling our every move via radio waves despite evidence to the contrary

Yr 3 - Core Conditions (33 decks)

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