Mental Disorders Flashcards
what is mental health?
condition of being sound mentally and emotionally
absence of mental
disorder and by adequate adjustment, especially
as reflected in feeling comfortable about oneself,
positive feelings about others, and ability to meet
the demands of life.
Definition of mental disorder?
syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning.
Mental
disorders are usually associated with significant
distress or disability in social, occupational, or other important activities.
An estimated ____% of Americans ages 18 and older (about ____ in ____) adults suffer from a diagnosable
mental disorder in a given year
Nearly ___ in ______ children in the United States
suffers from a mental disorder.
Suicide was the __th leading cause of death in the United States in 2010.
According to the World Health Organization, more than _________ people worldwide
suffer from mental disorders.
26.2 (one in four)
one in five
10th
450 Million
How to rule out any other underlying medical conditios as etiolgical agent of the s/s
physical exam, lab testing (blood testing, imaging tests, urinalysis, hormone testing,
and electroencephalogram)
Top 10 most commonly diagnosed mental disorders
- Mood disorders
- Personality disorders
- Eating disorders
- Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
- Phobias
- Anxiety disorders
- Panic disorders
- Bipolar disorder
- Schizophrenia
- Autism spectrum disorders
What are some risk factors for mental disorders?
- genes
- enivronmental factors like damage from alc, illegal drugs, infection, toxins, brain injury, oxygen deprivation, poor nutrition
- stress from pvoerty, ause and neglect
- traumatic life events like death of parent, war or tragic effect
- chronic or disabling illness
early s/s of mental disorders
- Withdrawing from friends and family
- Dramatic changes in eating or sleeping habits
- Deterioration in personal hygiene
- Confused thinking
- Prolonged sadness
- Decreased ability to concentrate
- A drop in school or work performance
- Decrease in motivation
- Irritability
- Moodiness
- Increased anxiety or agitation
- Unusual ideas or beliefs
- Mistrustfulness or suspiciousness
causes of mental disorders?
- biolgoical: genes (family history or abnormalities in several genes), brain defects, congenital trauma, disruption of fetal brain development from alcohol or drug use or certain infection, imbalance of neurotransmitters
- psychological: pyshcological trauma like emotional, physical ro sexual abuse, neglect, bullying, domestic violence
- environemntal: dysfunctional family life, death, divorice, love self-esteen and social or cultural expectations
how to diagnose mental disorders?
- comprehensive psychiatric evaluation (CSE)
- use DMS to diagnose disorders (DMS has list of diagnostic critera to indicate what s/s needed and for how long)
- review of pt s/sm past psychiatric hsitory, y, family
history of medical and mental health problems, substance abuse, developmental history, medical history, and mental status - mental status exam (MSE) - assessment tool that is obtained informally from pt interview or from questioning pt
How to treat mental disorders?
- psychotherapy (person with disorder talks to license and trained professional to understand behaviors, emtions and ideas contributing to disorder)
- meds to improve s/s (antidepressants, mood stabilizers, anti-anxiety meds, stimulants, and antipsychotics)
- brain stimulation treatments (for when meds and pyschotherapy isn’t working, involves activating or thouching brain with electricity, magnets or implants, producing chagnes in chemistry and function of brain)
- hospitalizationq
what is psychosis?
loss of contact with reality that usually includes delusions and hallucinations
What is Major depressive disorder?
constant sense of hopelessness and despair
that is disabling and prevents them from functioning normally
7% of adults i nUS have MDD, more in women, median onset is 32
etiology is iodiopathic however genetics, neurotransmitters and enviromental and psychological factors may have roll
What is evaluated in mental status exam?
- appearance
- behavior
- attitude
- level of consciousness
-orientation - speech and language
- mood
- affect
- though process
- thought content
- suicidality and homicadlity
- Insight and judgment
- Attention span
- Memory
- Intellectual functioning
s/s of MDD?
- feelings of sadness
- guilt
- worthlessness
- hopelessness
- irritability
- loss of interest in
activities that used to be pleasurable - insomnia or excessive sleep
- change in appetite
- difficulty concentrating,
thinking, or making
decisions - frequent thoughts of death,
dying, or suicide
how to diagnose and treat MDD?
diagnose - complete medical history, physical exam, laboratory testing and comprehensive psychiatric eval
treatment - antidepressant meds, SSRIs, atypical antipsychotics psychotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy and other brain stimulation therapies
What is a personality disorder?
deeply ingrained, inflexible pattern of relating, perceiving, and thinking that is serious enough to cause distress or impaired functioning
pattern of behavior that deviated from society norms, typically has thoughts abt self and world that cause inappropriate behvaoir
occurs in 9% of adults in US
What is antisocial personality disrder?
- repeatedly perform acts that are grounds for arrest (truancy, fighting, stealing, running away, cruel behavoir)
- no regard for the safety of themselves or others
- lack remorse for their behavior, and they are very irresponsible and deceitful.
- aggressive, manipulative, reckless
The estimated prevalence of antisocial personality
disorder is 1% in adults in the United States.
What is avoidant personality disorder?
- hypersensitive to criticism or rejection
- feel inadequate
- extremely shy and timind in soical situatiosn
- avoid wor or social activties that involve socializing or interacting with other
- estimated prevalence is 5% of adults in the United States
What is borderline personality disorder?
- have very unstable interpersonal relationships
- very impulsive
- unstable and fluctuating self-image.
- abrupt, extreme mood
changes. - recurrent suicidal behavior
- estimated prevalence of borderline personality disorder is 2% of adults in the United States.
What is paranoid personality disorder?
- very distrustful and suspicious of others.
- think other people’s motives are suspect or evil.
- believe people will exploit,
harm, or deceive them. - difficult to get along with.
- estimated prevalence of paranoid personality
disorder is 2% of adults in the United States
What is Schizoid personality disorder
- loners who prefer solitary activities.
- often distant, detached, or indifferent to social relationships.
- appear to lack or show emoitns of pleasure or pain
- estimated prevalence of schizoid personality is 5% of adults in the US
What is Schizotypal personality disorder?
- difficulty forming and maintaining close relationships.
- cognitive or perceptual distortions as well as eccentricities in their everyday behavior.
- may believe they have magical control over others
- estimated prevalence of schizotypal personality is 5% of adults in the United States.
What is Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder
- preoccupation with
orderliness and rules. - always strive for perfection
- Their inflexibility often makes
them incapable of adapting to change - never satisfied with their accomplishments.
- They weigh all aspects of a problem, often making it difficult for them to make
decisions or complete tasks. - The estimated prevalence of obsessive–compulsive
personality disorder is 1% of adults in the US
What is Dependent personality disorder
- pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of.
- engage in passive, needy, and clingy behavior.
-can’t make decisions without the advice of others. - They feel uncomfortable and helpless when alone.
- The estimated prevalence
for dependent personality disorder is less
than 1% of adults in the United States.
What is Histrionic personality disorder?
- attention-seekers that always need to be the center of attention and they feel
uncomfortable when they are not. - They are often thought of as being shallow.
-They may engage in seductive or provocative
behavior to draw attention to themselves. - The estimated prevalence of histrionic personality disorder is 2% of adults in the
United States.
What is narcisstic personality disorder
- believe they are special and unique.
- exaggerate their achievements or talents.
- often take advantage of others
- Their behavior is arrogant.
- They lack empathy.
- estimated prevalence of narcissistic personality disorder is 1% of adults in the
United States.
What are s/s of personality disorder?
frequent mood swings,
volatile relationships, social isolation, suspicion
and mistrust of others, difficulty forming close
relationships, and impulsivity
cause of personality disorders?
etiology of
personality disorders is idiopathic; however,
genetics and environmental factors may play
a role in the development of personality disorders.
how to diagnose and treat personality disorders?
diagnose - complete medical
history, physical examination, laboratory testing, and comprehensive psychiatric evaluation.
treat - depends on the particular personality disorder and may include psychotherapy
and medications to reduce signs and symptoms
(antidepressants, mood stabilizers, anti-anxiety
medications, and antipsychotics).
What are eating disorders?
- a group of conditions marked
by an unhealthy relationship with food. - It is estimated that 8 million Americans have an eating
disorder: 7 million women and 1 million men. - The main types of eating disorders are anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder.
What is anorexia nervosa?
- People with anorexia nervosa see themselves as overweight, even when they are clearly underweight.
- Eating, food, and weight control become obsessions.
- s/s may include extreme thinness, an intense fear of gaining weight, extremely restricted eating, and a distorted body image.
- An estimated 0.6% of the adult population in the United States suffers from anorexia.
- Women are three times more likely get anorexia
- etiology is unknown but believed to be family and social factors (stress, promoting thinnes, engaged in sports so they r encouraged to attain less-than-healthy body weight, genetic predisposition, intelligent, compulsive personality and is driven to achieve)
What is bulimia nervosa?
- cycles of extreme overeating followed by behavior that compensates for the overeating such as vomiting, use of laxatives, fasting, and excessive exercise
- The compensatory behavior is done in secret and is often accompanied by feelings of disgust or shame.
- People with bulimia nervosa usually maintain a normal weight.
- s/s of bulimia nervosa may include damaged teeth
and gums, dehydration, intestinal distress and irritation, going to the bathroom after
eating or during meals, and sores in the throat and mouth. - estimated 1% of the adult population in the US suffers from bulimia nervosa (19% of college age females) - Women are three times more likely to experience bulimia
What is binge eating disorder?
- regular episodes of
extreme overeating without trying to compensate for the behavior. - People with binge eating disorder are often overweight or obese.
- People with binge eating
disorder experience guilt, shame, and distress about their binge eating, which
can lead to more binge eating. - s/s may include the disappearance of large amounts of food in a short
time, finding lots of empty food wrappers or containers, hoarding food, hiding
large quantities of food in strange places, and constantly dieting but rarely losing
weight. - An estimated 3% of the adult population in the United States suffers from binge eating disorder.
- Women are 75% more likely to have binge eating disorder
how to diagnose and treat eating disorders?
diagnose - complete medical history, physical examination, laboratory testing, and comprehensive psychiatric evaluation.
treat - medical care and monitoring, psychotherapy, weight restoration, nutritional
counseling, medications (antidepressants, anti-anxiety medications, mood stabilizers),
and hospitalization.
What is Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
persistent pattern of
inattention and/or hyperactivity.
estimated to occur in 5% of school-age children and 2.5% of adults in the United States.
ADHD usually becomes evident in the preschool or early elementary years.
The median age of onset of ADHD is 7, although the disorder can persist into adolescence and occasionally into adulthood.
etiology is idiopathic (appears to be familial pattern, could be genetic)
s/s of ADHD?
- inattention
- has trouble staying focused
- has difficulty remembering things
- following instructionS
- makes careless mistakes
- hyperactivity
- constantly fidgets and
squirms - moves around constantly,
- talks excessively
- impulsivity
- frequently interrupts others
- acts without thinking
- does not wait their turn
how to diagnose and treat ADHD?
diagnose - complete med history, physical exam, lab testing, educational testing, comphrehensive psych eval, brain-wave test (EEG to measure theta and beta brain waves which have certain combos more prevalent in kids with adhf)
treatment - no cure, stimulant med to increase levels of dopamine and norepinephrine, non-controlled agent atomoxetine, vitamin syppleentation, special ed w/ structured environment and routine, behavior modification, soical skills training and counseling, parenting skills training and family psychotherapy
What are anxiety disorders?
excessive fear and anxiety
- most common class of mental disorders w/ estimated prevlance of anxiety
disorders is 18% of adults in the United States.
Most prople with an anxiety disorder will have
their first episode by age 21
The etiology of anxiety disorders is idiopathic; however, genetics and environmental, psychological, and developmental factors may play a role in their development (anxiety prone, phyerthroidism, cerebrovascular disorder, dysfunction in frontal lobe).
what is panic disorder?
- recurring, severe panic attacks that strike suddenly and repeatedly with no warning.
- s/s of a panic attack may
include sweating, chest pain, trembling, nausea, lightheadedness, chills or hot
flashes, and shortness of breath. (also derealization or depersonalization)
-estimated prevalence of panic disorder is 3% of
adults in the United States.
- The median age
of onset is 24.
what is obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
- constant disturbing thoughts or fears that cause them to perform certain rituals or routines.
- The estimated prevalence of OCD is 1% of adults in the United States.
- The first symptoms of OCD often begin during childhood
or adolescence; however, the median age of onset is 19
what is Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
- Develops after a traumatic or terrifying event.
s/s: flashbacks, nightmares, and severe anxiety, as well as uncontrolled thoughts about the event.
-estimated prevalence of PTSD is 4% of adults in the United States.
- PTSD can develop at any age but the median age of onset is 23.
What is social anxiety disorder?
- excessive and unreasonable fear of social situations
- anxiety is a result of fear of being watched, judged, and critized by others.
- estimated prevalence of social anxiety disorder is 7% of adults in the United States.
- Social phobia begins in childhood or adolescence,
typically around age 13.
What is specific phobia?
- persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that leads to a compelling desire to avoid it.
- The estimated prevalence of specific phobia is 9% of adults in the United States
- Specific phobia usually begins in childhood; the median age of onset is 7.
What is generalized anxiety disorder?
- Longlasting anxiety that is not focused on any one object or situation
- free-floating anxiety
- live ina a constant state of apparently causeless anxiety (constantly worry about previous mistakes and future problems, dislike making decisions)
- estimated prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder is 3% of adults in the United States.
- The median age of onset is 31.
What is agoraphobia?
- intense fear and anxiety of any place or situation where escape might be difficult
- avoidance of situations such as being alone outside of the home; traveling in a car, bus, or airplane; or being in a crowded area.
- The estimated prevalence of agoraphobia is 0.8% of
adults in the United States. - The median age of onset is 20.
s/s of anxiety disorders?
vary depending on the
type of anxiety disorder, but general signs and
symptoms include:
- overwhelming feelings of
panic and fear
- uncontrolled obsessive thoughts
- painful and intrusive memories
- recurring nightmares
- physical signs and symptoms (such as nausea, heart palpitations, muscle tension).
how to diagnose and treat anxiety disorders?
Diagnose - complete medical history, physical examination, laboratory testing, and comprehensive psychiatric evaluation (may do PET to detect chemica activity or metabolism of the brain and biochemical studies)
Treat- anti-anxiety meds, which depress the central nervous system and slow normal brain function, and psychotherapy, hypnosis, relaxation (systemic desensitivization, progressive relaxation, breathing exercise, guided imagery), biofeedback, physical activity, anxiolyric drug, SSRI
What is bipolar disorder?
unusual shifts in mood,
energy, activity levels, and the ability to carry out day-to-day tasks.
Mood shifts between mania
and depression may occur only a few times a year, or as often as several times a day.
The prevalence of bipolar disorder is 2.6% of adults in
the United States.
The median age of onset for
bipolar disorder is 25.
etiology of bipolar disorder is idiopathic, but genetics,
environmental factors, and neurotransmitters
may play a role in the development of bipolar
disorder
s/s of bipolar disorder?
Manic:
- euphoria
- increased energy and activity
- rapid speech
- racing thoughts
- inflated self-esteen
- impulsive behavior
- being easily distracted
- decreased need for sleep
- impaired judgement
- spend money extravagantly
- behavior may appear bizarre, grandiose or promiscuous
Depressive:
- sadness
- hopelessness
- loss of interest in activities once considered enjoyable
- problems concentrating
- change in eating or sleeping pattern
- suicidal behavior or thoughts
how to diagnose and treat bipolar disorder?
diagnose - complete medical history, physical exam, lab testing, comprehensive psych eval
treat - mood-stabilizing and antidepressant meds (increase availabilty of neurotransmitters) w/ anticonvuslants, atypical antipsychotics, and psychotherapy,
What is schizophrenia?
- distorts the way a person thinks, acts, expresses emotions, perceives reality, and relates to others
- estimated prevalence of
schizophrenia is 1.1% of the adult population in the US - Schizophrenia affects men
and women equally. - Schizophrenia often first
appears in men in their late teens or early 20s. - In contrast, women are generally affected in their
20s or early 30s - etiology of schizophrenia is idiopathic; however, a combo of genetics and environment is thought to contribute to the development of schizophrenia.
s/s of schizophrenia?
- hallucinations
- delusions
- disordered speech and behavrios (alogia)
- lack of motivation and emotional expression (abolition)
- problems making sense of info
- difficulty paying attention
- social withdrawal
- poor personal hygeine
- memory problesm
- affective flattening (lack of emotional expression or unreasonable outbursts of emotions)
how to diagnose and treat schizophrenia?
diagnose - group of psychotic s/s, complete medical history, physical examination, laboratory testing, family interviews & comprehensive psychiatric evaluation, PET< FMR, MEG, Rorschach test, Thematic Apperception est, Minnesota Mltiphasic Personality INventory (MMPI)
treat - antipsychotic meds (block receptor for dopamine in brain and help reduce s/s of schizophrenia), neuroleptic agents can cause extrapyramidal side effects (EPSs), social skill and vocational training and fmaily and indiv psychotherapy
