Mental Disorder and Crime Flashcards
What did Star (1955) characterise the public image of mental illness as?
Stigma is a big problem for those with mental illness
How were the mentally ill classified in a study by Nunnally (1991)
Dangerous, dirty, unpredictable and worthless
What did Angermeyer and Matschinger (2005) say about public health literacy on mental illness?
It can help improve attitudes towards mentally ill people
What became an issue with public health literacy using biological reasons for MI?
It caused people to distance themselves from MI people as they saw it as a disease - especially schizophrenia
What things are people with MI least likely to do
Find a job
Long-term relationship
Live in decent housing
Be socially included in mainstream society
(most likely) Substance misuse
(most likely) Impede seeking help/delaying treatment
What was found when students underwent a programme called The Guide in a study by Milin et al?
Showed increased knowing in MI and decreased stigma
Effect isn’t that strong
Controls got worse
What were the 6 domains to the KAMHs measure in Simkiss, Gray and Snowden’s study?
Self stigma
Knowledge
Stigma to others
Anticipated Stigma
Good mental health behaviours
Help-seeking/disclosure
What are the 4 methods of investigating mental illness and violence?
Examine no. people w/ psych illness in prison
Examine record of patients w/ and w/out psych illness and see levels of violence in the past
Examine community and see prop. of people who became violent AND Psychotic
Examine discharged patients from hospital and examine crime rates
What are the issues with examining people in prison with psychotic illness and comparing it to control pop?
Psych illness is over-represented in prison
Violence often used to help define MI
ppl with MI more likely to be in prison
People with MI may be detained longer
Likely to have major diff to control pop e.g age and social class
What are the issues with examining a community sample and seeing proportion of those with psychotic illness and violence?
Violence used to help define MI
Often cross-section = not causal
problems with social drift, substance misuse etc
What are the issues with examining discharged patients from hospital and examining crime rates?
Now looking at who diff pop - hospitalised vs imprisoned
Releasing ‘dangerous’ people - ethics
Confounds - social drift etc
Which population of patients does violence rates shoot up and why?
Involuntary patients - going against their will most likely because they are threat to others and themselves
What 5 confounds could affect rates of violence in mentally ill people?
Age, gender, social class, institutionalisation, substance misuse, social drift/problems
What did Monahan (1983) initially say about the relationship between mental illness and violence and what did they then change their mind to say? (1993)
1983 - MI does not cause crime
1993 - When you consider drift in social class and MI causing them to go into institutions, you will find a relationship between crime and MI
What did Bonta et al’s study say about mental illness predicting recidivism?
Appears to be no obvious role
Previous criminal history still is the biggest predictor of recidivism regardless of MI
What relationship is shown between schizophrenia and violence as demonstrated by Harris et al and the VRAG?
Schizophrenia is actually a protective factor
What did Areseneault et al (2000) find in their study of violence and MI in a birth cohort in Dunedin, NZ?
Substance misuse increases chance of offending
People with schizo-spectrum disorder 2.5 more likely to be violent
BUT most cases due to an excessive perception of threat - possible delusions
Which two categories of delusions found elevated rates of violence and weapon use in Link et al’s study?
People wish to do you harm
Thought put in your head
What conclusion(s) were made in Applebaum et al’s study on delusions and predicting violence?
Delusions (including threat/control override) don’t predict higher rates violence in recently discharged patients
What could possibly cause the difference in conclusions between Applebaum and Link?
Retrospective/Prospective
Applebaum had stricter criterion for delusions
What did Ullrich’s study find about temporal proximity and predicting violence?
Several specific delusions (‘being spied on’ and thought insertions) and temporal proximity had an association with violence
Why did temporal proximity have this affect?
Caused an ‘angry affect’ and this mediated the violence indirectly
What did Mcneil’s study find about command hallucinations and violence
Positive association between violent content command hallucinations and pre-admission violence.
BUT
This was lost after adjustment for severity of symptoms
What were the results from Roger, Gray and Snowden’s (2022) study on violent content command hallucinations and violence from the MacArthur Violence Risk Study Data?
Of the 199 that had a violent incident over 1 year , 44.4% of them had violent content hallucinations and 23.9% of them had non-violent hallucinations
What mediating factor did Roger,Gray and Snowden look at for violent-content hallucinations and violence?
How recently they heard the command hallucination
And
If they had to obey the voice
Which combinations of the mediating factors for violent-content command hallucinations most predicted violence?
Have to obey and recent (57%)
Have to obey but not recent (50%)
