Aggression and Violence

Question 1

What psychopathy measure was used in Gray et al (2019)’s study on aggression

Answer 1

TRI-PM

Question 2

What two categorised were the crimes in Gray et al’s (2019) split into

Answer 2

Proactive and reactive

Question 3

How was psychopathy and type of crime related in Gray et al’s (2019) study

Answer 3

Showed both proactive and reactive
BUT
boldness = +vly correlated with proactive and -vely correlated with reactive

Question 4

What were the participants split into in Cohen el al’s (1996) and why

Answer 4

North and South - South has an ‘honour culture’ so more sensitive to insults

Question 5

What measures did Cohen et al (1996) take to measure aggression

Answer 5

Firmness of handshake and levels of testosterone

Question 6

What can laboratory experiments test?

Answer 6

Causal propositions

Question 7

What factors did Anderson and Bushman find to affect aggression?

Answer 7

gender, trait aggressiveness, alcohol, media, temperature

Question 8

What did Bartholow and Anderson’s (2002) study on violent video games and aggression find?

Answer 8

The frequency of high-intensity shocks increased in the violent game condition but this effect was significantly higher for men than women

Question 9

What does Archer (2000) conclude about gender differences in domestic violence?

Answer 9

Little differences in the frequency between men and women

Question 10

What did Mazza et al (2020) discover about domestic violence and covid

Answer 10

Large increase across the world

Question 11

What is the consensus about alcohol and violence

Answer 11

Many studies show a clear effect of alcohol
But it is not the alcohol itself that causes violence but magnifies pre-existing problems
Lowers ability to inhibit behaviour

Question 12

What are the four violence-related implicit theories identified in Polaschek et al’s (2008) study

Answer 12

1. Be or be Beaten
2. I am the law
3. violence is normal
4. I get out of control

Question 13

What do Baumeister et al argue about self esteem and aggression

Answer 13

high self esteem, especially narcissism, causes what causes aggression

Question 14

What did Donnellan et al’s longitudinal study on self-esteem and aggression show

Answer 14

Self esteem negatively correlated with aggression
narcissism is positively correlated with aggression

Question 15

In Amad, Gray and Snowden’s study how was self-esteem and type of crime related?

Answer 15

Low SE predictive of reactive violence
High narcissism predictive of proactive violence

Question 16

What behaviours did patient SM exhibit as a result of her bilateral damage of the amygdala

Answer 16

When presented with scary situations she presented no signs of fear but other emotions
When given CO2 she exhibited fear

Question 17

What relationship between size of amygdala and rates of violence was shown in the Pittsburgh Youth Study (Pardini et al)

Answer 17

No violence = bigger amygdala compared to those who committed violence

Question 18

What were the results from Lozier et al’s (2014) study on responsiveness of the amygdala to fearful faces in juveniles with conduct problems?

Answer 18

Callous-unemotional traits were negatively correlated to amygdala activation
externalising behaviours was positively correlated with amygdala activation

Question 19

What were the findings from Bechara et al’s study on the Iowa Gambling Task and a damaged Orbitofrontal Cortex

Answer 19

Once the pattern is figured out, those with a damaged OFC played the most risky decks of cards (C and D) whilst those without damage go for the safer cards

Question 20

What does Bechara et al’s study suggest about the role of OFC

Answer 20

Its important in using emotion (punishment and reward) as a guiding behaviour even if its a subconscious feeling

Question 21

What is the somatic marker hypothesis?

Answer 21

A theory suggesting that emotional processes can consciously or unconsciously impact decision-making by creating biomarkers, also known as somatic markers

Question 22

What is top-down and bottom-up processing and what brain areas are thought to control it?

Answer 22

top-down = suppression/regulation, OFC & anterior cingulate gyrus
bottom up = signal/trigger
amygdala, insula