Mental Aspect Flashcards
Traditionally, intelligence is measured using a standardized test called
IQ TEST
The common subpart of an IQ tests are?
- Spatial ability
- Mathematical ability
- Memory ability
- Language ability
The most popular, highly reliable, and valid IQ tests are the
- Wechsler IQ Test
- Stanford-Binet IQ Test
- Raven’s Progressive Matrices
- Reynold’s Intellectual Assessment Scale
- Catell Culture-Fair III.
SCORE RANGE
- 144
- 130 -143
- 115 - 129
- 100 - 114
- 85 - 89
- 70 - 84
- 55 - 69
- <55
- Genius
- Gifted
- Above Average
- High Average
- Low Average
- Below Average
- Borderline Low
- Low
This describes the natural capacities and potentials of humans to develop using its most important and functional attribute-intelligence
Human beings are intelligent beings
Intelligence is defined in many ways, what are these? (ignore)
- Variations in the ability to learn and to get along in society and behave according to contemporary social expectations.
- The ability to learn or profit from formal instruction.
- An overall ability to act purposefully, think rationally, and deal effectively with the environment.
- A collection of mental abilities that enables us to learn from experiences, adapt to our changing environment, work in a goal-directed manner, and solve problems and think creatively.
The definitions of intelligence provide key aspects of human potentials that warrant certain considerations
What are the 3 intelligence? (PAM)
- Intelligence is purposeful
- Intelligence is an adaptive mechanism
- Intelligence is multidimensional
This means that intelligence is a functional ability that a person uses in order to benefit from learning experiences. This makes people remember, understand, analyze, and evaluate situations and problems that demand decisions and solutions.
Intelligence is purposeful
Intelligence is also useful in adapting to or coping with the demands of the environment, both physical and social
Intelligence is an adaptive mechanism
Intelligence should not be defined unilaterally such as academic or school abilities
Intelligence is multidimensional
He is the professor of education at Harvard University who developed the Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Dr. Howard Gardner
According to Gardner, there are eight (8) types of intelligences that account for a wider and broader human potentials. What are these?
- Verbal/linguistic
- Logical/mathematical
- Visual/spatial
- Musical
- Naturalistic
- Bodily/kinesthetic
- Interpersonal
- Intrapersonal
Ability to analyze information and produce output that involves oral and written language
Verbal/linguistic
Ability to understand answer mathematical equations
Logical/mathematical
Ability to analyze graphical information
Visual/spatial
Ability to produce and make meaning from different types of sound
Musical
Ability to identify and distinguish various types of plants, animals, weather, and climates, and other aspects of the natural world
Naturalistic
Ability to use the body to create products or solve problems
Bodily/kinesthetic
Ability to be sensitive to other people’s thoughts and emotions
Interpersonal
Ability to do self-introspection
Intrapersonal
the capacity to acquire, process, and make meaning of the information to produce actions or performance which evidently suggests that all human beings have the natural capacity to benefit from experiences.
learning
Analyzing definition would make us realize important concepts to understand how learning works and takes place.
What are these two?
- Learning occurs as a result of experience
- Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior
This means that experience is a vital prerequisite to learning. Experience can be viewed as either personal (experiential) or substitute (vicarious)
Learning occurs as a result of experience
This means that a change in behavior is a manifestation of learning
Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior
type of experience requires personal exposure to information, situation, or relevant stimulation.
experiential
type of experience “does not require one to be personally exposed to a situation or actual stimulation; rather a secondary information would suffice for an individual to learn something.
vicarious
plays a very important role in learning. The system involves the activation of body organs which is responsible in absorbing external stimulations present and available in the environment or surroundings.
human information processing system
Once the neural impulses reach the brain, another system or process will be activated. This is commonly called the?
thinking process
This will then activate important subsystems to convert neural impulses into meaningful information known as?
knowledge
What are the 3 levels?
- Level 1. The Sensory Level
- Level 2. The Mental Level
- Level 3. Motivational Level
learning requires stimulation and activation of senses such as the visual, auditory, olfactory, kinesthetic, and gustatory. There is nothing in the brain (information) that did not pass through the senses
Level 1. The Sensory Level
after receiving learning information via the sensory level, these information proceed to the brain for mental processing.
Level 2. The Mental Level
Learning depends significantly on the sensory and mental mechanisms. However, in order to ensure that learning will succeed, the person has to be motivated and fully engaged in the entire process of learning.
Level 3. Motivational Level
What are the 3 reasons why stimuli do not proceed to the next level?
- Interference
- Information decay
- Lack of Attention
no matter how significant or strong the stimulation is, it is only the person who decides and sets himself or herself in terms of attending, focusing, and engaging in learning situations.
Lack of Attention
weak stimuli that do not reach the sensory threshold tend to diminish and decay even before it reached the brain for further processing.
Information decay
some other stimuli interfere and distract the encoding process. This usually happens when other stimuli are stronger than the other.
Interference
There are three levels of memory. What are these?
- Sensory Memory
- Short-Term Memory
- Long-Term Memory
holds information on a relatively longer period
Long-Term Memory
holds information tentatively
Sensory Memory
holds information on a relatively shorter period
Short-Term Memory
When the senses receive the stimulus from the external environment, it is converted to a sensory impulse, through a process called?
encoding
This impulse will be transported to the brain for higher processing. The conversion of information from a stimulus to impulse is necessary in order to make them readable by the human brain. This process is called?
transduction
In the long-term memory, some information may also get lost due to a phenomenon called?
forgetting
Some information may no longer be retrieved and accessed for use. Forgetting happens due to the following:
- Decay of information due to disuse.
- Interference: new vs. old information
- Repression
is defined as the purposeful and systematic encoding and re-encoding of the information to memory.
Rehearsal
if memory is responsible in storing information for future use, ___ is responsible in giving meaning to that information.
Comprehension
this mental faculty helps us in making quick approximations of value, form, quantity, and quality of any relevant information.
Estimation
this is our ability to create mental pictures or representations of learning information.
Imagination
what is the special organ in the human body that lies within the skull?
brain
The biggest part of the brain is the?
cerebral cortex
cerebral cortex can be best described using the following principles
- Localization of function
- Hemispheric Specialization
is the largest of the four cortical lobes of the brain. This is located at front part of each hemisphere.
Frontal Lobe
is located at the back of frontal lobe
Parietal Lobe
is the visual processing center of the human brain. It is located at the back part of the brain, below the parietal lobe.
Occipital Lobe
is located behind the ears and extends to the left and right sides of the brain.
Temporal Lobe
What is in the Left Hemisphere?
- Language functions (speaking, reading, writing, and understanding language)
- Analytical Functions (mathematics)
- Right-hand touch
What is in the Right Hemisphere?
- Nonverbal abilities (music and art, perceptual and spatio-manipulative skills)
- Some language comprehension
- Left-hand touch
is truly a marvelous organ in the human body
human brain
How much does a brain weights?
three pounds (3 lbs.)
What is/are the function of Frontal Lobe?
decision making and executive control.
also responsible for problem-solving, emotional expressions, language, memory, and sexual and social behavior.
What is/are the function of Parietal Lobe?
processing and interpreting of sensory information that are present in the environment or the outside world.
This lobe has been identified to be important in processing language and numbers.
What is/are the function of Occipital Lobe?
responsible for visual perception, thus, a damage to this lobe may result into loss of visual capabilities such as identifying colors and partial to total blindness.
What is/are the function of Temporal Lobe?
shares important functions with the other cortical lobes particularly in language, memory, hearing, and other important cognitive abilities.
2 types of experiences
- experiential
- vicarious
specific mental processes are correlated with discrete regions of the brain
Localization of function
each lobe of the brain has specialized functions
Hemispheric Specialization
Repression is also known as?
voluntary forgetting
It starts from gathering of information from the environment, such as sounds, sights, flavor, and odor and these information are called?
stimuli
information, knowledge, or abilities that are not used for a long time tend to be forgotten
decay of information due to disuse
some new information tend to overwrite old information
interference: new vs. old information
