Mental and Physical Health Flashcards
1
Q
Approach-Approach Conflicts
A
- Two appealing options
- E.g. going to the movies with one group of friends or having a sleepover with another
2
Q
Approach-Avoidance Conflicts
A
- One appealing and one unpleasant option
E.g. studying for a test or going out with friends
3
Q
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflicts
A
- Two unpleasant/undesirable options
- Do homework or clean room
4
Q
Yerkes-Dodson Law of Arousal (Optimal Arousal)
A
- A certain amount of stress (optimal arousal) is motivating to us and helps us to grow and improve in the things we do
- E.g. I want to work hard to study, learn new things, and be the best I can be
- Not enough stress leads to boredom
- Too much stress is distress and can cause fatigue, burnout, and breakdown
5
Q
External Locus of Control
A
- Out of our control so there’s nothing we can do about it
- E.g. circumstance, bad luck, fate, etc.
6
Q
Internal Locus of Control
A
- In my control so my choice
- E.g. own actions, hard work, practice, dedication, disconnection, etc.
7
Q
Cognitive Appraisal
A
- How you view something
- Takes part in how you view traumatic events (e.g. a learning experience or something negative)
8
Q
Tend and Befriend Theory
A
- When we tend to our needs and befriend by leaning on one another socially
- Stress levels decrease when we turn to social interactions
- In-person social interactions are superior compared to virtual
- Releases oxytocin and helps calm our stress response
9
Q
Ruminating
A
- Dwelling on stressful things
- E.g. what we have to do, how we should have responded to a situation, etc.
10
Q
Catastrophizing
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- Turning unpleasant into worst case scenarios that are out of proportion with reality
- E.g. I failed this quiz, so I’m gonna fail out of this class, then I won’t get into a good college, so I won’t get a good job
- Slippery slope
11
Q
Problem Focused Coping
A
- Outward focus
- Stress is a problem that can be solved
- Thinking of what we can do to solve/minimize a problem
12
Q
Emotion Focused Coping
A
- Inward focus
- Attention is on reducing stressful responses
- Mostly short term, but can have long-lasting benefits
13
Q
Martin Seligman
A
- Leading researcher of positive psychology
- Also researched learned helplessness
14
Q
PERMA
A
- Evidence based approach to improve happiness
- Positive Emotions, Engagement, Positive Relationships, Meaning, Accomplishment
15
Q
Positive Subjective Experience
A
- Influenced by personal feelings, interpretations, or prejudices
- Influenced by personality
- E.g. going to a basketball game might bring you immense joy or overwhelming torture based on your subjective interpretation
16
Q
Positive Objective Experience
A
- Impartial or not influenced by personal feelings, interpretations, or prejudices
- Rooted in on our basic needs
- E.g. Hunger is satisfied, getting enough sleep, etc.
17
Q
Altruism
A
- Doing good to help others without expecting anything in return
- Types include genetic (helping your family), reciprocal (helping someone after they helped you), group-selected (helping someone in a group that you are part of), pure (helping others without the expectation of anything in return)
- E.g. donating food to a local animal shelter
18
Q
Bridging Differences
A
- Embracing diversity of backgrounds by learning about others’ cultures
- E.g. black history month assemblies
19
Q
Intellectual Humility
A
- Degree to which one believes that their beliefs might be wrong
- Being open to learn other ways to approach a problem
- Acknowledging errors we have made and desire to grow
20
Q
Signature Strengths
A
- Unique personality traits with a positive outcome
- 24 total traits that are categorized into 6 virtues
- Wisdom, courage, humanity/love, justice, temperance, transcendence
- Operating in your signature strength increases your happiness and overall well-being
21
Q
Deviant Psychological Diagnosis
A
- Behaviors/thoughts that are not consistent with one’s culture/society
- Can vary from culture to culture
- Behaviors that are abnormal to cultural/societal norms
- E.g. if you don’t smile at someone when you walk past them, you are often seen as rude, but in other countries, this is normal
22
Q
Distressful Psychological Diagnosis
A
- Suffering physical and emotional pain (worry and anxiety)
- E.g. not being able to wash your hands causes you distress and anxiety that it causes you to lose focus
23
Q
Dysfunctional Psychological Diagnosis
A
- Impairment/disturbance in thinking
- Emotional regulation/behavior that interferes with day to day functioning
- E.g. hand-washing makes you late to class or leads you to cancel plans because there is no sink and soap in the place you are going to meet up
24
Q
Dangerous Psychological Diagnosis
A
- If the person is at risk of causing harm to themselves or others
- E.g. you believe death is a better option than not being able to wash your hands
25
Q
DSM-5-TR
A
- Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders (5th edition)
- Gives information about characteristic symptoms of all currently accepted psychological disorders
- Most commonly used tool in the United States
- Put out by the APA
- Gives statistics on age of onset, prevalence, sex distribution, etc.
- Does NOT suggest treatment
26
Q
International Classification of Disease
A
- Developed by the World Health Organization (WHO)
- Used to standardize information across the world
- Includes more than just mental illnesses
27
Q
Individualist Cultures
A
- More likely to see mental health issues as a common part of life
- More likely to seek help
- More often subjects of research
- Many treatments are directed at individualist (commonly western) cultures
28
Q
Collectivist Culture
A
- Mental health issues are more likely to be seen as a sign of weakness
- Less likely to seek help
- Problem is viewed as a reflection of the group
- Treatments catching up to be more aware of/inclusive of various cultures
29
Q
Prejudice
A
- Negative, unwarranted feeling or belief toward an individual or group, usually unjustified
- E.g. you find out your college roommate has schizophrenia and now you are hesitant of what might happen
30
Q
Discrimination
A
- Negative treatment/action against an individual or group
- E.g. not being hired b/c of history with mental illnesses which is always almost always illegal
- Some circumstances where specific diagnosis can limit your employment
31
Q
Diathesis Stress Model
A
- Your environment and/or genetics has something to do with a mental illness you might have
- Depends on the situation/mental illness
32
Q
Biopsychosocial Model
A
- Considers biological, social, and psychological perspectives to mental illnesses
33
Q
ADHD
A
- Extremely high heritability rate with very low environmental rate
- Mostly genetic
- Correlates with Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) and Conduct Disorder
- Inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive
34
Q
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
A
- ASD is only diagnosed after 2 years of age
- ASD has strong genetic predisposition, but there are also environmental factors that can influence ASD
- Impairment in social communication and interaction
- Restrictive, repetitive patterns of behavior
35
Q
Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder
A
- Schism - Break of division between something
- Considered a psychotic disorder b/c it can cause a break with reality
- Must have two out of five symptoms for at least one month
- At least one has to be hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized speech
- Genetic predisposition is the biggest reason, but environmental factors can also take place
36
Q
Delusions
A
- Thoughts in your mind that are not rooted in reality
- Persecution and grandeur are the most common
- Persecution is thinking that you are in danger when you are not
- Grandeur is thinking that you are grand and amazing
36
Q
Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
A
- Symptoms you would not see in a typical person, but would see in a person with schizophrenia
- Word Salad - Disjointed, nonsense speech
- Loose Associations - Using words together that have no specific meaning, but they’re loosely associated
- Clang Association - Using words because they rhyme, but they do not make sense together
- Jerk Motor Movement - Uncontrolled, spastic movement
- Also includes delusions and hallucinations
37
Q
Abnormal Psychomotor Behavior
A
- Clumsiness, unusual mannerisms or repetitive actions
37
Q
Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia
A
- Symptoms are missing that you would typically see in an average individual
- Reduction in Speech - Little speech or slowed, unnatural speech
- Flat Affect - Low emotional response (little to no facial expressions)
- Catatonia - Absent, far off, disconnected state
37
Q
Panic Disorders
A
- Experience of recurrent, unexpected panic attacks
- Includes biological, emotional, and cognitive symptoms
- Panic attacks are sudden, intense anxiety
- Usually last between 5 to 30 minutes
37
Q
Personality Disorders
A
- Enduring patterns of internal experience and behavior that are deviant from one’s culture, pervasive, and inflexible
- Beings in adolescence or childhood
- Stable over time
- Leads to personal distress/impairment
- There are three clusters of personality disorders
37
Q
Purging
A
- After intake of excess calories, an increase in anxiety that results in compensatory behaviors to get rid of the excess calories (vomiting, laxative abuse, excessive exercise, etc.)
37
Q
Cluster A: Odd or Eccentric
A
- Paranoid personality disorder - Pattern of distrust or suspicion
- Schizoid personality disorder - Avoidance of social activity with others
- Schizotypal personality disorder - Odd ways of perceiving, thinking, and communicating
37
Q
Cluster B: Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic
A
- Antisocial personality disorder - Disregard for others with no remorse or guilt
- Histrionic personality disorder - Excessive attention seeking behavior
- Narcissistic personality disorder - Inflated sense of self-importance
- Borderline personality disorder - Emotional instability and impulsivity
38
Q
Cluster C: Fearful or Anxious
A
- Avoidant personality disorder - Feeling of inadequacy and feeling socially judged which leads to avoiding interpersonal contact
- Dependent personality disorder - Feeling of helplessness and a need to be taken care of and reassured
- Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder - Excessively focused on order and perfection
39
Q
Depressive Disorders
A
- Major depressive disorder is more severe than persistent depressive disorder
- Art can be helpful
40
Q
Mania
A
- Feeling of euphoria, you can do anything
- Increased energy, feelings of invincibility, inflated self-esteem, risky behavior, etc.
41
Q
Cycling
A
- Pattern of mood episode with cycles of 2+ weeks.
- Idea that you go through period of times
- Not mood swings (bipolar episodes last days, weeks, or months)
42
Q
Bipolar Disorder I
A
- Episodes of severe MANIA
- MAY include depressive episodes
43
Q
Bipolar Disorder II
A
- Episodes of HYPOMANIA*
- Hypo - Underactive
- Low level mania
- Episodes of depression lasting 2+ weeks
- Low level mania, higher impact of depression
- Still has a cyclical pattern
44
Q
General Adaptation Syndrome
A
- An attempt to understand how stress affects our health
- Stages of Stress
- Alarm Reaction: Sudden activation of sympathetic nervous system (e.g. your boss threatening to fire you unless you work at the same time your child’s daycare just closed
- Resistance: Saying that you can handle it
- Exhaustion: The body cannot fight the stressor, the stress response, and continue to repair tissue and fight infection
45
Q
Cultural Humility
A
- Recognition and acknowledgement of cultural differences
- Not all approaches are supportive or work for all cultural backgrounds
- Each and every individual client brings their own unique experiences to therapy so making generalizations about someone based on a single aspect of their identity may be damaging to their therapeutic alliance, create barriers, and impede progress
45
Q
Nonmaleficence
A
- Do everything in your power to do no harm and not make things worse, but better
45
Q
Fidelity
A
- Therapist is fulfilling commitments and doing everything in their power to abide by code of ethics to serve the client’s best interest
46
Q
The Impact of Sigmund Freud
A
- Father of psychoanalysis (the first and foundational approach to psychotherapy)
- All therapy is rooted in some of the basic principles developed by Freud (and other colleagues) in the early 1900s
47
Q
Psychodynamic Model
A
- The unconscious mind stores repressed memories and personal experiences (including trauma) in an effort to protect the conscious mind from stress and anxiety
- As distressful memories become conscious, it leads a person to feel and experience the anxiety which becomes distressing
- Insight - When a personal is able to make connections between their emotions and newly conscious memories
- Insight therapies are largely psychodynamic and humanistic therapies
48
Q
Psychoanalysis
A
- The original, old school therapy developed by Freud
- Believe that the mental struggles we face are rooted in repressed, unprocessed trauma for our past
- Still practiced today but is far less common than many other approaches
- 2-3 sessions per week for several years (which is often very expensive and not practical for individuals)
- Originally a client does not lay down and face away from therapist
- Need to establish trusting relationship
49
Q
Free Association
A
- The uncensored verbalization of thoughts, memories, and feelings
- The idea is allowing this uncensored/unfiltered content can help get to an individual’s unconscious to gain insight
- Resistance may occur when a client stops themselves from speaking freely (consciously or unconsciously)
50
Q
Transference
A
- When a client places feelings (positive or negative) on the therapist who serves as a stand in for some important figure in the client’s life
51
Q
Countertransference
A
- When the therapist’s experiences an unconscious emotional response toward the client
- Normal and natural, but needs to be monitored/level of awareness to not impede with the therapeutic process
52
Q
Dream Analysis
A
- An important window to an individual’s unconscious are their dreams
- Client’s share their dreams to be interpreted
- The manifest content of dreams is the storyline and what is consciously remembered about the dream
- It is what the client would talk about and describe
- The latent content is the unconscious meaning of the dreams that is to be interpreted by the therapist to give insight
53
Q
Cognitive Therapies
A
- Focuses on cognitive restructuring
- May include fear hierarchies
- Trying to modify maladaptive ways of thinking because of the impact they have on our well-being
54
Q
Cognitive Triad
A
- Developed by Aaron Beck
- Thoughts, behaviors, and feelings are interconnected
- Negative views of yourself can result in negative views of the world and the future
- E.g. if you get rejected from college, you think that you are not good enough, which then leads to you thinking that you will never get into a college at all, then you think that you need to change your major completely
55
Q
Cognitive Restructuring
A
- Identifying and confronting negative/maladaptive thought patterns and works to replace with more adaptive, constructive thought patterns
56
Q
Fear hierarchies
A
- Where an individual creates more or less a ranked list of anxiety-provoking scenarios or stimuli in order to address the fear
- Includes avoidance rating and fear rating
- E.g. on a scale of 1-10, you might avoid talking to your teacher about your grade (10), but speaking to friends alone is something that you do not avoid (1)
57
Q
Exposure Therapies
A
- Often an effective form of therapy for phobias and some anxiety disorders (social anxiety) where an individual is exposed to the source of their anxiety
- Systematic desensitization, in vivo desensitization, implosive therapy, flooding, virtual therapy, EMDR
58
Q
Systematic desensitization
A
- When an individual creates a hierarchy of anxiety provoking scenarios and then incrementally goes through the hierarchy, replacing the stress response with calming reactions (sometimes through breathing or grounding techniques)
- Does in sessions and is all visualized or imagined
59
Q
In vivo desensitization
A
- Same as systematic desensitization, but is only carried out in a real world setting
- E.g. being near a small, non-venomous spider; walking up to, picking up, etc.
60
Q
Implosive Therapy
A
- Occurs when an individual imagines conquering the worst case scenario and talking through/working through in session
- Imagine a tarantula in your hand
61
Q
Flooding
A
- Same as implosive therapy, but is only carried out in a real world setting
- Actually holding a tarantula in your hand
62
Q
EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing)
A
- Actively envision what brings upon a fear/anxiety response
- Uses light and sound to follow with eyes
- Before and after self-reporting is involved to rate EMDR
63
Q
Aversion Therapies
A
- Trying to pair an unpleasant stimuli with an unpleasant response (counterconditioning)
- E.g. medications used for people with alcohol
64
Q
Biofeedback
A
- Measures stress responses in the body (sometimes through EEG or heart rate monitoring) so clients can see the stress response and then use methods to decrease stress
- Trains individuals to recognize a stress response in their body and implement strategies (breathing, mindfulness, grounding) to decrease the stress response
65
Q
Cognitive Behavioral Therapies
A
- Combines the principles of cognitive and behavioral practices
66
Q
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT)
A
- Evidence based to be effective for disorders that deal with big emotions such as Borderline Personality Disorder or individuals experiencing suicidal ideation
- Integrates “opposing forces”
- Tries to minimize some of the all or nothing thinking
- Offers constructive criticism, acceptance, and productive behavior modification
- Implements mindfulness strategies to being a person to the present moment
- Understanding the purpose and/or value of strong emotions
- Develops skills to help a person meet their social needs and respect relationships
67
Q
Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT)
A
- Developed by Albert Ellis
- Challenges negative/irrational thought processes and can sometimes be seen as quite confrontational and abrupt
- Recognizing the activating event or adversity, belief about activating event, the emotional consequence of the belief, disputing defeating thoughts, and effect of challenging the defeating thoughts
68
Q
Example of REBT
A
A - Didn’t get into the college of your dreams
B - Thinking you’re not good enough for that college and never should have applied
C - Anxiety that you are not good enough and distraught over not being accepted
D - Recognizing the rational reasons why someone may not get into a specific school
E - Altered view on rejection or you need to repeat the steps above
69
Q
Person-Centered Therapy
A
- Places the therapeutic relationship as the more important key to successful therapy
- The therapist is to show up in the most authentic, genuine way to allow the client to show up in their most authentic way
70
Q
Hypnosis
A
- Science that influences an individual’s state of consciousness, making them highly susceptible to influence
- Memories uncovered during hypnosis are considered to be reliable
- One of the most effective uses of hypnosis is the treatment of pain management
71
Q
Therapeutic Hypnosis
A
- Used as a form of treatment for anxiety and depressive disorders
- Uses hypnotic suggestibility (open to suggestion which under hypnosis) and post-hypnotic suggestibility (open to suggestion after hypnosis)
72
Q
Psychotropic Drugs
A
- Merely refers to medications that treat psychological disorders
73
Q
Psychoactive Drugs
A
- Drugs that alter brain chemistry and cross the blood-brain barrier
74
Q
Anti-anxiety drugs
A
- E.g. Xanax and Valium
75
Q
Antipsychotics
A
- Drugs used to treat psychotic disorders (break with reality)
- Often targets and try to increase dopamine levels
76
Q
Lithium
A
- Used to treat bipolar disorder and symptoms of mania
- Has some intense side effects
77
Q
Psychopharmacology and psychotherapy
A
- All psychotropic medications are found to be more effective when taken while a person also attends psychotherapy
- Medications are often used to help lessen symptoms in order for psychotherapy to be more effective
78
Q
Psychosurgery
A
- More invasive treatments for treating mental illnesses
- Considered more drastic measures
79
Q
Deep-brain stimulation
A
- A thin wire is surgically inserted into the brain and current stimulates the brain
80
Q
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TNS)
A
- Large magnets are used on the outside of the skull and delivers a pulse
