Menstruation, fertilisation quiz Flashcards
female gonads
ovaries
where are the ovaries located
slightly attached by ligaments to the uterus & the abdominal cavity
function to secrete estrogen & progesterone. Is the site of the release of the mature egg/ovum
Ovaries
provides a passageway for the delivery of baby & menstrual flow. Receives the penis & semen during sex. Acidic due to naturally occurring bacteria
Vagina
a muscular opening to uterus that prevents fetus from entering birth canal prematurely. Seperates vagina from uterus. Pap smear involves taking sample cells from _.
cervix
receives the embryo (implantation) and sustains life during development
uterus
lining of uterus that provides nourishment for developing embryo. If pregnancy does not occur, it is shed monthly & forms flow phase
endometrium
passage for egg from ovary to uterus. Lined with cilia to help move egg towards uterus. Fertilisation occurs here. Female sterilization (tubal ligation) involves cutting & typing off _.
Fallopian tubes/oviduct
finger-like projectiles that cover the ends of fallopian tubes. Help direct ovum into oviducts
Fimbria
process where female gametes are produced. occurs in ovaries in specilized cells called follicles
oogenesis
contain two types of cells:primary oocyte(46 chromo.) and granulosa cells(similar to setoli cells) provide nutrients for developing oocytes.
follicles
1._ goes through meiosis, producing two new cells. One of the new cells called 2._ & other cell called 3._
- Primary oocyte
- Secondary oocyte
- Polar body
occurs where the secondary oocyte is released from ovary
ovulation
1._ waving draws the ovum into fallopian tube. Mieosis occurs again.Ovum moves down fallopian tube by 2.__ waving & by 3._
- Fimbrea
- Cilia
- Peristalsis
the follicles which surround the released egg remain in ovary & transform into __. (releases progesterone)
Corpus luteum
if pregnancy does not occur, corpus luteum degenerates & a scar is left on ovary called _
Corpus albicans
immature ovum(egg)
zzocyte
unfertilized ovum
ootid
egg cell
ovum (plural ova)
one secondary oocyte begins process of _ in fallopian tubes each month once puberty begins. _ will only be completed if egg is fertilized
Meiosis II
means preparing uterus each month for possible implantation. Starts up at puberty when pituitary secretes FSH. Lasts until menopause
menstrual cycle
shedding of the endomentrium. All hormone levels are low, pituitary secretes FSH which starts development of follicle in one ovary
Phase 1- Flow/Menstrual phase (days 1-5)
Follicles are developing/swelling & releasing estrogen which causes endometrium to start building up again. Just prior to ovulation, the body temp takes a drop following a rise. as estrogen levels increase, negative feedback effect on secretion of fsh(decreases), positive effect on LH(increases)
Phase 2-Follicular phase (days 6-13)
egg & a small amount of follicular fluid burst from ovary. Ovulation caused by surge in LH released by pituitary.
Phase 3- Ovulation (day 14)
Remaining follicle transforms into corpus luteum which secretes estrogen & preogesterone. Proges. continues development of endometrium, inhibits further ovulation & inhibits uterine contractions. As proges. & estro. levels build up, they inhibit FSH & LH. without fsh, no further development of follicles. without lh, corpus luteum begin break down. Leads to decrease in estro. & proges. Once again, all hormone levels low & cycle repeats
Phase 4- Luteal phase (days 15-28)
ovulation ceases, termination of female reproductive years. Fewer functioning follicles=drop in estro. proges. levels=endometrium does not thicken=menstrual cycle stops. Uterus & ovaries shrink, women become infertile.
Menopause
between 4-6 hour after sex, the 1._ & 2._ will meet in fallopian tube to form a fertilized egg (3.__)
- Ovum
- sperm
- Zygote
The _ requires 3-5 days to travel from fallopian tue to uterus. through its journey, cleavage occurs
Zygote
the zygote goes through mitosis going from 2 cells, 4 cells, 8 cells, etc. without increasing size
Cleavage
4 days after fertilization the mass of cells is referred to as
Morula
By the time zygote reaches uterus, it is a _ (hallow ball of cells)
Blastocyst
8-9 days after ovulation, the blastocyst embeds in endometrium (pregnant), (outer cells of the blastocyst release enzymes that digest endometrium)
implantation
an early stage of embryo development. A fluid filled structure that is made of outer sphere of cells which form extraembryonic structures, inner cell mass from which emryo develops
Blastocyst
During second week of development, inner cell mass moves to middle of blastocyst & becomes a 3-layered disk(this is the embryo)
Gastrula
the embryonic disk is supported by short stalk that connects to blastocyst with endometrium
this becomes umbilical cord
the process of forming the three-layered disk
gastrulation
(outer layer) skin, hair, nails, spinal cord, sense organs
Ectoderm
(middle layer) bone, muscles, connective tissues, blood, circulatory & excretory systems.
Mesoderm (meso=muscle)
(inner layer) digestive tract, lining of digestive tract & respiratory tract, liver, lungs, pancreas, thyroid
Endoderm
increase in size
Growth
differentiation of cells (series of events that form distinct structures with cells that do different jobs)
Morphogenesis
there are a number of mebranes that are external to the disk that are forming called _
extra-embryonic membranes
produces human chorionic gonadotropic hormone(hCG)-acts like LH to maintain corpus luteum for first trimester; Maintains progesterone, which helps stop contractions, help form placenta, pregnacy test identiy hCG i urine
Chorion
Fluid-filled sac that surrounds the embryo & protects it from infection, dehydration, impacts & temperature change.
Amnion
site of blood cell informatation
yolk sac
site of blood cell information
yolk sac
grows outward, umbilical cord. provides umbilical vessels for placenta
Allantois
disc-shape mass of spongy tissue that is formed from maternal endometrium & the chorionic vili from chorion layer of fetus. Allow exchange of gases, waste, nutrients & antibodies. Not able to filter out harmful substances
placenta
any substance that causes birth defects-drugs, alcohol, environmental chemical,x-rays, disease
Teratogen
