Embryonic development, birth,etc

Question 1

3 embryonic tissue layers form. Most organ systems form and limb bubs with tiny toes and fingers are visible. by 9th week- referred to as a fetus

Answer 1

First trimester

Question 2

All organs formed but not fully developed. Development continues and fetus size increases. Bony parts of skeleton begin to form

Answer 2

Second trimester

Question 3

Rapid growth-organs enlarge and finish development. Organ systems(circulatory & respiratory) mature in preparation for breathing

Answer 3

Third trimester

Question 4

Involves a number of hormonal and physical changes in mother’s body. triggered by falling progesterone and estrogen levels-aging placenta not producing as many hormones

Answer 4

Child birth

Question 5

Baby’s head shifts downwards and contacts cervix. Placenta secretes _ - helps dilation of cervix and causes ligaments within pelvis to loosen

Answer 5

relaxin

Question 6

Dilation of cervix stimulates the hypothalamus to secrete _. __ stimulates the uterus to contract.

Answer 6

Oxytocin

Question 7

Strong rhythmic contractions of uterus= __. The contractions move from upper part of uterus and sweep downwards.

Answer 7

Labor

Question 8

The more cervix dilates= more =__ released = more dilation(positive feedback loop)

Answer 8

oxytocin

Question 9

__ from glands in uterine wall appear in mother’s blood prior to labour-these trigger strong uterine contractions

Answer 9

Prostaglandins

Question 10

strong and frequent contractions propel fetus down birth canal and out the vagina

Answer 10

delivery

Question 11

After delivery, the __ is clipped and cut

Answer 11

umbilical cord

Question 12

Uterus continues to contract to dislodge 1.__ from uterine wall which is expelled as “2.__”

Answer 12

1. placenta
2. Afterbirth

Question 13

during pregnancy estrogen and progesterone prepare breasts for __

Answer 13

milk production

Question 14

there are about 20 lobes of __ tissue per breast- each lobe has a small duct that carries fluid towards the nipple

Answer 14

glandular

Question 15

__ stimulates the breast to produce fluid.

Answer 15

Prolactin

Question 16

Is inhibited before child birth as high levels of progesterone inhibit action of prolactin

Answer 16

Milk production

Question 17

At birth estrogen and progesterone levels drop rapidly increasing __ activity. __ ,at first, stimulates production of colostrum.

Answer 17

prolactin

Question 18

a fluid like breast milk but lacking in fat

Answer 18

colostrum

Question 19

does not flow readily but has to be pushed into ducts leading to nipple.

Answer 19

Breast milk

Question 20

a series of events that start with feeding action of a baby

Answer 20

Milk release

Question 21

Stimulation of 1.__ in nipple and 2.__. Nerve impulse to hypothalamus, release of oxytocin which cause contractions of 3.__ focing milk out

Answer 21

1. sensory neurons
2. Areola
3. smooth muscle

Question 22

a small sample of tissue is removed from chorionic villi in the early stages of pregnancy to check for presence of genetic defects in fetus(karyotype)

Answer 22

Chorionic villi sampling

Question 23

insert a hollow needle through abdominal wall into uterus. Small amounts of amniotic fluid and live fetal cells are withdrawn. Chromosomal analysis (karyotype) can determine if baby has defects such as down syndrome, cystic fibrosis & hemophilia. Offered between 15 & 18 weeks of pregna. to woman who has increased risk of having baby with genetic abnormalities

Answer 23

Amniocentesis

Question 24

sound waves used to determine baby’s position and size

Answer 24

ultrasound

Question 25

IVF

Answer 25

In vitro fetilization

Question 26

IVF example: adminster purified forms of fsh

Answer 26

ovarian stimulation

Question 27

IVF example: (two methods) 1. laparoscopy
2. ultrasound allows physician to guide a needle into each follicle to withdraw eggs

Answer 27

egg retrieval

Question 28

insert a laparoscope into ovaries and use light suction to retrieve egg from follicle.

Answer 28

Laparoscopy

Question 29

IVF example: Mix semen with eggs and incubate at a temperature identical to a woman’s body

Answer 29

Fertilization

Question 30

IVF example: embryos are placed in a catheter (a tubular instrument) which is inserted into the vagina and cervix to transfer the embryos to the uterus.

Answer 30

Embryo transfer

Question 31

Ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, fertilization in lab followed by transfer of zygotes into female Fallopian tubes

Answer 31

Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT)

Question 32

Insertion of a single sperm directly into cytoplasm of mature egg using microinjection pipette (thin glass needle). Helps overcome infertility problems cause by sperm that are unable to penetrate egg. Zygote is then inserted into uterus or Fallopian tube.

Answer 32

Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

Question 33

patients are given ovulation stimulation medications and monitored to see when the egg are mature. 24-36 hours after LH spike, a sample of semen is washed by lab to separate semen from seminal fluid. A catheter is used to insert sperm directly into uterus . Maximises the number of sperm in uterus.

Answer 33

intrauterine insemination

Question 34

used by individuals with infertility issues to sperm disorders. Sperm injection into female repro. tract through catheter-could be cervix, uterus or fallopian tubes

Answer 34

Artificial insemination

Question 35

donor eggs can be used for in vitro fertilization when female has a genetic disorder, reproduction abnormalities, received radiation or chemotherapy,had failure IVF attempts or recurrent miscarriages. Donor sperm can be used when infertility problems arise.

Answer 35

Donor eggs and Donor sperm

Question 36

2 eggs, 2 sperm, differnt placentas, have different DNA

Answer 36

fraternal twins

Question 37

1 egg-splits- can share the same placenta, same DNA

Answer 37

Identical twins

Question 38

choose embryo-eye color,athletic ability,height,etc. sperm for sale

Answer 38

Controversy

Question 39

abnormalities corrected in uterus

Answer 39

Prenatal surgery