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DTM&H > Meningitis in the Tropics > Flashcards

Meningitis in the Tropics Flashcards

1
Q

What are is the death rate of bacterial meningitis?

A

1/10

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2
Q

What is the severe complication rate of bacterial meningitis?

A

1/5

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3
Q

What are the purulent causes of non-neonatal meningitis?

A
  1. N. Meningitidis
  2. H. Influenzae
  3. S. Pneumoniae
  4. Salmonella sp.
  5. L. Monocytogenes
  6. Burkholderia pseudomallei
  7. Naegleria fowleri
  8. Anarobes
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4
Q

What are the lymphocytic causes of non-neonatal meningitis?

A
  1. M. Tuberculosis
  2. Leptospira sp.
  3. Treponema pallidum
  4. Borrelia sp.
  5. Enteroviruses
  6. Mumps virus
  7. Arthropod borne togaviruses
  8. Adenovirus
  9. Lymphocytic chroriomeningitis virus
  10. HIV
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5
Q

What are the bacterial causes of chronic meningitis?

A
  1. M. Tuberculosis
  2. Brucella sp.
  3. Treponema pallidum
  4. Borrelia burgdorferi
  5. N. meningitides
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6
Q

What are the parasitic causes of chronic meningitis?

A
  1. Toxoplasma gondii
  2. Cysticercosis
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7
Q

What are the fungal causes of chronic meningitis?

A
  1. Cryptococcus neoformans
  2. Histoplasma capsulatum
  3. Coccidioides immitis
  4. Candida albicans
  5. Actinomyces israelii
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8
Q

What are the causes of meningitis in HIV +ve?

A

Bacterial - M.tuberculosis, STS, S.pneumoniae
Fungi - cryptococcus
Virus - VZV, HIV, HSV

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9
Q

How is meningitis transmitted?

A

Droplet spread/close contact

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10
Q

How is N.meningitidis related to seasonality?

A

In Africa, it tends to occur int eh dry season - dust storms/dry heat causing mucosal defects by which it can be transmitted and can produce epidemics

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11
Q

How often do meningitis epidemics occur?

A

2-14 year cycles

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12
Q

What is the most common cause of N.meningitis epidemics?

A

Group A strains

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13
Q

What is a common feature of the meningitis belt?

A

300-1100mm mean annual rainfall

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14
Q

What is the major meningeal pathogen in low-lying regions? E.g. DRC

A

Pneumococcus

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15
Q

What type of bacteria is N. meningitidis?

A

Gram negative diplococci

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16
Q

How should you culture N. meningitidis?

A

Grow on blood or chocolate agar in 10% CO2 at 37 degrees C.

17
Q

What type of bacteria is S. pneumoniae?

A

Gram positive diplococci

18
Q

How should you culture S. pneumoniae?

A

Grow on blood agar in 10% CO2 at 37 degrees C

19
Q

Of the 80 capsular types of S.pneumoniae, how many are included in the vaccine, and what proportion of invasive disease do they account for?

A

Vaccines includes 23 types
Causes 90-95% of cases of invasive disease

20
Q

What type of bacteria is H. influenzae?

A

Gram negative cocco-bacillus

21
Q

How should you culture H. influenzae?

A

Grow on chocolate/ blood agar in 10% CO2

DTM&H (8 decks)

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