Mendelic Genetics: Cap 14 Flashcards
Character
A heritable feature that varies within individuals (ex flower color
Trait
Each variant for a character (ex purple or white flowers)
True breeding
These plants produce offsprings of the same variety. Many generations of self pollination
Hybridization
Cross pollination of two true breeding parents, referred to P-generation
F1 generation
Offsprings to P- generation
F2 (secundary filial generation)
When the F1 hybrids produced when they were allowed to self pollinate
law of segregation
Two alleles for a heritable character segregates during gamete formation and ends up in different gametes
Alleles
Alternative versions of a gene
Mendels model
-1. Alternative versions if genes (alleles) account for variation in inherited characters (ex. Gene for flower color in pea plants exist in two versions, one purple and one white color)
-2. For each character an organism inherits 2 alleles, 1 from each parent.
-3. If the 2 alleles ar a locus differ, then the dominant allele determines the organism appearance, the recessive allele have no effect in the appearance.
-4. Law of segregation. The 2 alleles for a heritable character
Separates.
Punnet square
A diagram that predicts the allele composition of offsprings from a cross between inviduals known as genetic makeup.
Homozygous
An organism with a pair of identical alleles for a character is homozygous.
Heterozygote
Has two different alleles for a gene. Dominant and recessive
Phenotype
An organism viewable traits
Genotype
Organism genetic makeup. Not always visible.
Testcross
A way to determine the genotype of an organism, as long as the organism is tested with a KNOWN homozygote
Monohybrids
F1 progeny form true breeding organism are all this, which means that they are heterozygous for line character
Dihybrids
When the F1 plants are heterozygous for 2 character (YyRr) these F1 would result in 4 different types of F2 plants. Two character(ex. Shape and color)
Law of independent assortment
Each pair of alleles segregates independently of other pairs of alleles during gamete formation
The multiplication rule
To determine the probability of 2 coins tossed in the air simultaneously landing heads up, this rule states that we multiply the probability of one event by the probability of the other event- so for the coins, 1/2 * 1/2=1/4
Addition rule
The probability that any 1 of 2 or more mutually exclusive events will occur together is calculated by adding together their individual probabilities. The individual probabilities given form the multiplication rule such as the probability that a F2 monohybrid will be heterozygous rather than homozygous when coming from an egg or a sperm is their individual probabilities 1/4 + 1/4 = 1/2
