Biological Macromolecules And Lipids: Cap 5 Flashcards
Polymer
Long chains of monomers subunits
Macromolecules
Huge sizes, chain likes molecules called polymers
Monomers
Forming polymers, some momomers have functions of their own
Enzymes
Specialized macromolecules that speeds up chemical reactions
Dehydration reaction
Synthesizing a polymer by removing a water molecule
Hydrolysis
Breaking down a polymer. Shorter chain. Adding a water molecule
Carbohydrates
Sugar and polymers of sugar. Mono-de and poly saccharides
Disaccharides
Two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage (dehydration process)
Polysaccharides
Macromolecules. Long chains of monosaccharides.
- starch
- glycogen
- cellulose
Lipids
Hydrophobic. Consist of hydrocarbon religions with relative non polar C-H bonds.
Most important lipids: fast, phospolipids and steroids.
Lipid -fat
Consist of glycerol Molecules combined with Therese fatte acids with esther bondage. Saturated fatte acids and unsaturated fatte acids (dubble bondage)
Lipids- phospolipids
Major consistent of membranen. Glycerol, two fatty acids and phosphate group hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails
Lipid- steroids
Carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings. Cholesterol. Animal cells membranes
Protein
Biologically functional molecule made up by one or more polypeptides. Enzymes many protein- catalyst (speed up chemical reactions). Made up by amino acids, bonds of those makes polypeptides. (Bond between this is a peptide bond
Amino acids
Organic molecule with an amino group and a carboxyl group and side chain.
Primary structure (proteins)
It’s sequences of amino acids. Inherited by genetics
Secundary structure
Religions stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of polypeptide backbone. Backbone- negative charge. Hydrogen attacked to nitrogen-positive charge. Two structures:
- alpha helix. Coil held together by hydrogen bonds between each forth amino acids.
- beta pleated sheet. Two or more segments of the polypeptide chain lying side to side are connected by hydrogen bods between parts of the two parallel segments.
Tertiary structure
Three dimensional shape stabilized by interactions between side chains. Overall shape of a polypeptide chain
Quaternary structure
Association of two or more polypeptides (some proteins only)
Four identical polypeptides. Hemoglobin example
Gene expression
DNA-RNA-Protein
- DNA to mRNA with synthesis in the nucleus (split in half)
- mRNA to cytoplasms to ribosome
- polypeptides and amino acids in cytoplasms connects to mRNA in ribosme and and makes a protein.
