Mendelian & Non Mendelian

Question 1

Encoded by a single gene with 2 alleles

Answer 1

Mendelian Traits

Question 2

One of the alleles must be dominant over the other
which is recessive

Answer 2

Mendelian Traits

Question 3

There are no linkages, the genes are not linked in
the mendelian pattern of inheritance

Answer 3

Mendelian Traits

Question 4

Follows the Mendelian Laws and Fundamentals

Answer 4

Mendelian Traits

Question 5

not applicable in bacteria

Answer 5

Mendelian Laws

Question 6

how genes are transmitted from
parents to offspring. The foundation of this study is
postulates that were derived directly from Mendel’s
experimentation.

Answer 6

Transmission Genetics

Question 7

is made by
mating true-breeding individuals from two parent strains,
each exhibiting one of the two contrasting forms of the
character under study.

Answer 7

Monohybrid Cross

Question 8

the result of crossing parental
generation (true-breeding)

Answer 8

F1 generation

Question 9

is usually expressed and analyzed as ratios.

Answer 9

Genetic data

Question 10

the result of selfing whereby the
F1 offspring is crossed with another F1.

Answer 10

F2 generation

Question 11

_____ produce the same ratio.
Therefore, the results of Mendel’s monohybrid
crosses were not ________

Answer 11

Reciprocal crosses; sex-dependent

Question 12

genetic characters are controlled by
unit factors existing in pairs in individual organisms

Answer 12

Law of Unit Factors

Question 13

4 Mendelian Postulates

Answer 13

Law of Unit Factors
Law of Dominance and Recessiveness
Law of Segregation
Law of Independent Assortment

Question 14

when 2 unlike
unit factors responsible for a single character are present in
a single individual, one unit factor is dominant to the other
which is said to be recessive.

Answer 14

Law of Dominance and Recessiveness

Question 15

during gamete formation, the paired
unit factors separate or segregate randomly so that each
gamete receives one or the other with equal likelihood.

Answer 15

Law of Segregation

Question 16

during gamete
formation, segregating pairs of unit factors assort
independently of each other

Answer 16

Law of Independent assortment

Question 17

“family tree,” indicating the presence or absence
of the trait in question for each member of each generation
(the traditional way to study inheritance

Answer 17

Pedigree

Question 18

Pedigree analysis is crucial because, for humans, ________ are not made and relatively ____ are available for study

Answer 18

experimental matings; few offsprings

Question 19

predicts how the trait under study is
inherited.

Answer 19

Pedigree

Question 20

T or F: Pedigree’s approach
does not usually provide the certainty of the
conclusions obtained through experimental crosses
yielding large numbers of offspring. Nevertheless,
when many independent pedigrees of the same
trait or disorder are analyzed, consistent
conclusions can often be drawn

Answer 20

T

Question 21

Parents are generally connected to each other by a single ____ line, and ____lines lead to their offspring

Answer 21

horizontal and vertical

Question 22

If the parents are related—that is ____

Answer 22

consanguineous (double line)

Question 23

Offspring are called ___ and are connected by a horizontal ___ line

Answer 23

sibs; sibship line

Question 24

Offsprings are placed according to ____ and placed with _____

Answer 24

birth order; arabic numerals

Question 25

The circles, squares, and diamonds are shaded if the phenotype being considered is

Answer 25

expressed

Question 26

have a shaded dot within their unshaded circle or square.

Answer 26

heterozygous carriers

Question 27

For identical, or monozygotic, twins, the diagonal lines are linked by a horizontal line. Fraternal, or dizygotic, twins ____.

Answer 27

lack this connecting line

Question 28

The individual whose phenotype first brought attention to the family; indicated by an arrow connected to the designation p

Answer 28

proband

Question 29

typically skip generations Appear equally on both sexes

Answer 29

Recessive autosomal traits

Question 30

Always appear in each generation, appear in both sexes, and all individuals have an affected parent

Answer 30

Dominant Autosomal Traits

Question 31

In DTA, not all offsprings get the ____

Answer 31

dominant allele

Question 32

When a mutation is dominant, and a single copy is sufficient to produce a mutant phenotype, homozygotes are likely to be even more _____, perhaps even failing to survive.

Answer 32

severely affected

Question 33

____ display defect in the LDL receptors. They have LDL levels almost double that of a normal individual

Answer 33

Heterozygotes

Question 34

Example of Autosomal recessive traits

Answer 34

Albinism Cystic Fibrosis Sickle Cell Anemia Phenylketonuria

Question 35

Mucus production that blocks ducts of certain glands, lung passages; often fatal by early adulthood.

Answer 35

Cystic Fibrosis

Question 36

Sickle shape red blood cells due to a mutation in the globin gene that encodes for the globin protein. Sickle shape red blood cells block blood vessels & cause early death.

Answer 36

Sickle cell anemia

Question 37

Excess accumulation of phenylalanine in blood; mental retardation

Answer 37

Phenylketonuria

Question 38

caused by a mutation that affects the pigmentation of some parts of the body

Answer 38

Albinism

Question 39

Examples of Autosomal Dominant Traits

Answer 39

Brachydactyly Nail- patella syndrome Huntington’s disease (Huntington’s chorea) Marfan Syndrome

Question 40

-Malformed hands with shortened fingers.

Answer 40

Brachydactyly

Question 41

Causes changes in the nails, elbows, kneecaps (patellae) & hip bone. The most common symptom of the syndrome is having missing or underdeveloped fingernails & toenails.

Answer 41

Nail- patella syndrome

Question 42

Progressive degeneration of the nervous system. It deteriorates a person's physical & mental abilities usually during their prime working years. Due to a dominant autosomal allele H, the onset of the disease in heterozygotes (Hh) is delayed, usually well into adulthood

Answer 42

Huntington’s disease (Huntington’s chorea)

Question 43

Gene in marfan syndrome, its location, and what does it encode

Answer 43

FBN1 gene; chromosome 15; protein fibrillin

Question 43

Affects the skeletal system, eyes, and cardiovascular system

Answer 43

Marfan Syndrome

Question 44

a component of connective tissu

Answer 44

protein fibrillin

Question 45

The normal fibrillin protein also binds to a protein called ____ that regulates the growth & development of muscle fibers.

Answer 45

TGF-β

Question 46

produces defective connective tissue & excess TGF-beta accumulates, further weakening connective tissue.

Answer 46

Mutant fibrillin

Question 47

The most dangerous effects of Marfan syndrome are on the

Answer 47

aorta

Question 48

is a devastating recessive disorder involving unalterable destruction of the central nervous system.

Answer 48

Tay–Sachs disease (TSD)

Question 49

enzyme normally found in lysosomes within cells; is needed to break down the ganglioside GM2

Answer 49

Hex-A

Question 50

a lipid component of nerve cell membranes.

Answer 50

GM2

Question 51

Without functional Hex-A, gangliosides accumulate within neurons in the brain and cause

Answer 51

deterioration of the nervous system.

Question 52

Hex A

Answer 52

hexosaminidase A

Question 53

occurs most frequently in a population but not always dominant

Answer 53

Wild Type Allele

Question 54

Standards against which all other mutations occurring at a particular locus are compared

Answer 54

Wild Type Allele

Question 55

Contains modified genetic information and often specifies an altered gene product

Answer 55

Mutant Allele

Question 56

Often, mutation causes the ____ or loss of the specific wild type function

Answer 56

diminution

Question 57

mutation in that gene may change the conformation if its corresponding enzyme

Answer 57

Loss of Function Mutation

Question 58

enhancing the function of wild-type product and increasing the quantity if the gene product generally result in dominant alleles

Answer 58

Gain of Function Mutation