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Genetics Lecture > Mendelian & Non Mendelian > Flashcards

Mendelian & Non Mendelian Flashcards

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1
Q

Encoded by a single gene with 2 alleles

A

Mendelian Traits

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2
Q

One of the alleles must be dominant over the other
which is recessive

A

Mendelian Traits

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3
Q

There are no linkages, the genes are not linked in
the mendelian pattern of inheritance

A

Mendelian Traits

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4
Q

Follows the Mendelian Laws and Fundamentals

A

Mendelian Traits

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5
Q

not applicable in bacteria

A

Mendelian Laws

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6
Q

how genes are transmitted from
parents to offspring. The foundation of this study is
postulates that were derived directly from Mendel’s
experimentation.

A

Transmission Genetics

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7
Q

is made by
mating true-breeding individuals from two parent strains,
each exhibiting one of the two contrasting forms of the
character under study.

A

Monohybrid Cross

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8
Q

the result of crossing parental
generation (true-breeding)

A

F1 generation

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9
Q

is usually expressed and analyzed as ratios.

A

Genetic data

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10
Q

the result of selfing whereby the
F1 offspring is crossed with another F1.

A

F2 generation

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11
Q

_____ produce the same ratio.
Therefore, the results of Mendel’s monohybrid
crosses were not ________

A

Reciprocal crosses; sex-dependent

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12
Q

genetic characters are controlled by
unit factors existing in pairs in individual organisms

A

Law of Unit Factors

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13
Q

4 Mendelian Postulates

A

Law of Unit Factors
Law of Dominance and Recessiveness
Law of Segregation
Law of Independent Assortment

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14
Q

when 2 unlike
unit factors responsible for a single character are present in
a single individual, one unit factor is dominant to the other
which is said to be recessive.

A

Law of Dominance and Recessiveness

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15
Q

during gamete formation, the paired
unit factors separate or segregate randomly so that each
gamete receives one or the other with equal likelihood.

A

Law of Segregation

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16
Q

during gamete
formation, segregating pairs of unit factors assort
independently of each other

A

Law of Independent assortment

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17
Q

“family tree,” indicating the presence or absence
of the trait in question for each member of each generation
(the traditional way to study inheritance

A

Pedigree

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18
Q

Pedigree analysis is crucial because, for humans, ________ are not made and relatively ____ are available for study

A

experimental matings; few offsprings

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19
Q

predicts how the trait under study is
inherited.

A

Pedigree

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20
Q

T or F: Pedigree’s approach
does not usually provide the certainty of the
conclusions obtained through experimental crosses
yielding large numbers of offspring. Nevertheless,
when many independent pedigrees of the same
trait or disorder are analyzed, consistent
conclusions can often be drawn

A

T

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21
Q

Parents are generally connected to each other by a single ____ line, and ____lines lead to their offspring

A

horizontal and vertical

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22
Q

If the parents are related—that is ____

A

consanguineous (double line)

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23
Q

Offspring are called ___ and are connected by a horizontal ___ line

A

sibs; sibship line

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24
Q

Offsprings are placed according to ____ and placed with _____

A

birth order; arabic numerals

25
Q

The circles, squares, and diamonds are shaded if
the phenotype being considered is

A

expressed

26
Q

have a shaded dot within
their unshaded circle or square.

A

heterozygous carriers

27
Q

For identical, or monozygotic, twins, the
diagonal lines are linked by a horizontal line.
Fraternal, or dizygotic, twins ____.

A

lack this connecting line

28
Q

The individual whose phenotype first
brought attention to the family; indicated by an
arrow connected to the designation p

A

proband

29
Q

typically skip generations

Appear equally on both sexes

A

Recessive autosomal traits

30
Q

Always appear in each generation, appear in both sexes, and all individuals have an affected parent

A

Dominant Autosomal Traits

31
Q

In DTA, not all offsprings get the ____

A

dominant allele

32
Q

When a mutation is dominant, and a single copy is
sufficient to produce a mutant phenotype,
homozygotes are likely to be even more _____, perhaps even failing to survive.

A

severely
affected

33
Q

____ display defect in the LDL
receptors.

They have LDL levels
almost double that of a normal
individual

A

Heterozygotes

34
Q

Example of Autosomal recessive traits

A

Albinism
Cystic Fibrosis
Sickle Cell Anemia
Phenylketonuria

35
Q

Mucus production that blocks ducts of
certain glands, lung passages; often fatal by early
adulthood.

A

Cystic Fibrosis

36
Q

Sickle shape red blood cells due to a
mutation in the globin gene that encodes for the globin
protein. Sickle shape red blood cells block blood vessels &
cause early death.

A

Sickle cell anemia

37
Q

Excess accumulation of phenylalanine in
blood; mental retardation

A

Phenylketonuria

38
Q

caused by a mutation that affects the
pigmentation of some parts of the body

A

Albinism

39
Q

Examples of Autosomal Dominant Traits

A

Brachydactyly
Nail- patella syndrome
Huntington’s disease (Huntington’s chorea)
Marfan Syndrome

40
Q

-Malformed hands with shortened fingers.

A

Brachydactyly

41
Q

Causes changes in the nails,
elbows, kneecaps (patellae) & hip bone. The most common
symptom of the syndrome is having missing or
underdeveloped fingernails & toenails.

A

Nail- patella syndrome

42
Q

Progressive
degeneration of the nervous system. It deteriorates a
person’s physical & mental abilities usually during their
prime working years.

Due to a dominant autosomal allele H, the onset
of the disease in heterozygotes (Hh) is delayed,
usually well into adulthood

A

Huntington’s disease (Huntington’s chorea)

43
Q

Gene in marfan syndrome, its location, and what does it encode

A

FBN1 gene; chromosome 15; protein fibrillin

43
Q

Affects the skeletal system, eyes, and
cardiovascular system

A

Marfan Syndrome

44
Q

a component of connective
tissu

A

protein fibrillin

45
Q

The normal fibrillin protein also binds to a
protein called ____ that regulates the growth & development of muscle fibers.

A

TGF-β

46
Q

produces defective
connective tissue & excess TGF-beta
accumulates, further weakening connective
tissue.

A

Mutant fibrillin

47
Q

The most dangerous effects of Marfan syndrome
are on the

A

aorta

48
Q

is a devastating recessive
disorder involving unalterable destruction of the central
nervous system.

A

Tay–Sachs disease (TSD)

49
Q

enzyme normally found in lysosomes within cells;

is needed to break down the ganglioside GM2

A

Hex-A

50
Q

a lipid
component of nerve cell membranes.

A

GM2

51
Q

Without functional Hex-A, gangliosides
accumulate within neurons in the brain and cause

A

deterioration of the nervous system.

52
Q

Hex A

A

hexosaminidase A

53
Q

occurs most frequently in a population but not always dominant

A

Wild Type Allele

54
Q

Standards against which all other mutations occurring at a particular locus are compared

A

Wild Type Allele

55
Q

Contains modified genetic information and often specifies an altered gene product

A

Mutant Allele

56
Q

Often, mutation causes the ____ or loss of the specific wild type function

A

diminution

57
Q

mutation in that gene may change the conformation if its corresponding enzyme

A

Loss of Function Mutation

58
Q

enhancing the function of wild-type product and increasing the quantity if the gene product

generally result in dominant alleles

A

Gain of Function Mutation

Genetics Lecture (5 decks)

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