History Flashcards
It’s not known when people 1st knew the hereditary
nature of traits, but archaeological evidence records
successful domestication of animals & cultivation of plants
many years ago through _____of genetic
variants from wild populations
artificial selection
animals were domesticated & selective
breeding of these species soon followed
8000 & 1000 b.c.
cultivation of many plants
began
5000 b.c.
In the Golden Age of Greek culture, writings of the Hippocratic School of Medicine (500–400 b.c.) & of Aristotle (384–322 b.c.) discussed ____ as it relates to
humans.
heredity
argued that active
“humors” in various parts of the body served as the bearers
of hereditary traits.
The Hippocratic treatise on the Seed
Active “humors”
from various parts of the male
body to the semen & passed onto offspring, humors could be healthy or diseased, w/ diseased humors accounting for the appearance of newborns w/ congenital disorders or deformities
Belief:____could be altered in individuals before passing on to offspring, explains how newborns could “inherit” traits that their parents had “acquired” in response to their environment.
Humors
Male semen contained vital heat with the capacity to produce offspring of the same form. The vital heat cooked and shaped menstrual blood produced by females, which was the physical substance that
gave rise to an offspring
Aristotle (350 B.C)
For aristotle, male semen contained ____ with the capacity
to produce offspring of the same form. The _____ cooked and shaped menstrual blood produced
by females, which was the physical substance that gave rise to an offspring.
Embryo developed not because it already
contained parts of an adult in a miniature form but because of the _____.
vital heat
theory of epigenesis
William Harvey (1600s)
states
that an organism develops from the fertilized egg/embryo
by a succession of developmental events that eventually
transform the egg into an adult.
theory of epigenesis
The theory of epigenesis conflicted w/ the
____, which stated that the sperm or the fertilized egg contains a complete miniature
adult called ____
preformation theory; homunculus
cell theory
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann (1830)
states that all organisms are composed of basic structural units called cells, which are derived from preexisting cells
cell
theory
disproved the theory of spontaneous
generation; the creation of living organisms from nonliving
components
Louis Pasteur
published “the Origin of
Species,” describing his ideas about evolution. Darwin’s
geological, geographical, and biological observations
convinced him that existing species arose by descent with
modification from ancestral species.
Charles Darwin
Darwin presented an
explanation of the mechanism of evolutionary
change but did not elucidate it
Theory of natural selection
Alfred Russel Wallace said natural selection is based on the
observation that populations tend to produce more
offspring than the environment can support, leading to a ____.
struggle for survival among individuals.
published a paper in 1866
showing how traits were passed from generation to
generation in pea plants and offered a general model of
how traits are inherited.
Gregor Mendel
Other term for mendelian genetics is
Transmission Genetics
20 years after Mendel, researchers identified chromosomes
& establish that most eukaryotes have a characteristic
number of chromosomes called ____ in
most of their cells.
Chromosomes in diploid organisms exist in pairs called
diploid number (2n); homologous chromosomes
independently noted that the behavior of chromosomes
during meiosis is identical to the behavior of genes during
gamete formation described by Mendel.
Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri (Early 20th Century)
inherited traits are controlled by genes
residing on chromosomes faithfully transmitted
through gametes, maintaining genetic continuity
from generation to generation.
The chromosomal theory of inheritance
creation of living organisms from nonliving
components
Theory of spontaneous generation
