Introduction to Genetics

Question 1

refers to parts of the bacterial
genome that produce RNA molecules

Answer 1

CRISPR (Clustered regularly interspersed short
palindromic repeats)

Question 2

Meaning of CRISPR

Answer 2

Clustered regularly interspersed short
palindromic repeats

Question 3

refers to the nuclease or
DNA-cutting enzymes

Answer 3

CAS (CRISPR-associated)

Question 4

binds to a matching sequence
in the viral DNA (seek) and recruits the CAS
nuclease to cut it (destroy)

Answer 4

CRISPR RNA

Question 5

CRISPR has been helpful to repair mutations in cells
derived from individuals with genetic disorders
such as _____, _____. ______, _______.

Answer 5

Cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s disease,
Sickle-cell disease, Muscular dystrophy

Question 6

the basic structural
and functional unit of all
living things.

Answer 6

Cell

Question 7

______is the set of hereditary
information encoded in the DNA of
an organism, including both
_____&_____

Answer 7

Genome; protein & non-protein coding sequences

Question 8

Gene is a DNA sequence coding
for a ____

Answer 8

Single Polypeptide

Question 9

The
fundamental physical unit of
heredity w/c occupies a specific
chromosomal locus.

Answer 9

Gene

Question 10

3 primary branches of the tree of Life

Answer 10

Prokaryotes, Archaea, Eukaryotes

Question 11

determine gene function: one can make a
guess at the function of a new gene (it is likely to be similar
to that of already known homologs).

Answer 11

Gene sequences

Question 12

Bacteria present in every habitat on
Earth, from ice shelf of antarctic to the driest African
deserts to internal confines of plants & animals

Answer 12

Eubacteria

Question 13

Lack cell wall & contain a genome w/ fewer than
500 genes

Answer 13

Bacteria (Eubacteria)

Question 14

the smallest known cells (0.2 um in
diameter)

Answer 14

Mycoplasma

Question 15

those that can thrive in extreme conditions.

Answer 15

Archaea (Archaebacteria)

Question 16

Archaea can thrive in?

Answer 16

Extremely high temperatures
Extremely salty
Extremely acidic

Question 17

Often found inhabiting environments that humans
avoid

Answer 17

Archaea (Archaebacteria)

Question 18

have small genomes, with
genes packed closely together & minimum quantities of
regulatory DNA between them.

Answer 18

Bacteria & Archaebacteria

Question 19

Bacteria & Archaebacteria are easy to use for _____ to determine complete genome
sequence,

Answer 19

modern DNA sequencing
techniques

Question 20

Bacteria & Archaebacteria usually contain how many nucleotide pairs?

Answer 20

10^6 and 10^7 nucleotide pairs

Question 21

Bacteria & Archaebacteria encodes how many genes?

Answer 21

1000-6000 gene pairs

Question 22

Include animals, plants, fungi & protists

Answer 22

Eukaryotes

Question 23

Develop fruiting bodies

Answer 23

Mushrooms

Question 24

have cells that are connected and branched

Answer 24

Filamentous fungi

Question 25

Are unicellular eukaryote

Answer 25

Yeast (S. cerevisiae)

Question 26

do not belong in animal or plant kingdom but possess both characteristics

Answer 26

Protists

Question 27

What are some protists? (PAPAE)

Answer 27

Paramecium Amoeba Protozoans Algae Euglena

Question 28

used to study human diseases and genetic conditions.

Answer 28

Model organisms

Question 29

provides different strains of mice, including mutant mice that are used for the study of diseases like Alzheimer's, diabetes.

Answer 29

The Jackson Laboratory

Question 30

possess homologous genes that are similar to that of humans

Answer 30

Mus muculus

Question 31

An example of using mus muculus as model organism is when they are observed to have same mutations in the _____ with humans which are needed for development & maintenance of pigment cells

Answer 31

Kit Gene

Question 32

Arabidopsis thaliana (Thale cress)

Answer 32

●Small weed ●Grown indoors in large numbers ●Produces thousands of offspring after 8 to 10 weeks. ●Genome size: 220 million nucleotide pairs ●17 times the size of yeast.

Question 33

Proof of the existence of genes that are carried on chromosomes

Answer 33

Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly)

Question 34

giant chromosome, due to many rounds of DNA replication without an intervening cell division.

Answer 34

Polytene chromosome

Question 35

produces enzymes for biological clocks or circadian rhythms.

Answer 35

Period Gene

Question 35

Used D. melanogaster for research & discovered the period gene (PE) affecting circadian rhythm.

Answer 35

Dr. Michael Rosbash, Dr Michael Young, and Dr. Jeffrey Hall

Question 36

Caenorhabditis elegans

Answer 36

● About 1 mm. Long nematode ● Only hermaphroditic and male species ● Life cycle: few days ● Able to survive in a freezer ● Simple body plan

Question 37

Used as model for cell division and cell death

Answer 37

Caenorhabditis elegans

Question 38

Used to study jumping genes (transposons)

Answer 38

Zea Mays

Question 39

Zea mays (Barbara McClintock - Nobel Prize)

Answer 39

● Transfer of genes that cause mutation in the sequences of the DNA. ● Catalyzed by transposase. ● Jumping genes can also transfer to another chromosome. EX. Corn with different kernel color.

Question 40

rod shaped bacteria

Answer 40

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

Question 41

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

Answer 41

● Lives in the gut of humans and other vertebrates ● Can be grown easily in simple nutrient broth ● Standard lab strain: E. coli K-12

Question 42

small single-celled fungi

Answer 42

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae)

Question 43

Able to reproduce vegetatively or sexually

Answer 43

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae)

Question 44

Can be grown easily in simple nutrient broth and has a small genome

Answer 44

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae)

Question 45

used to observe cell behavior

Answer 45

Danio rerio (Zebrafish)

Question 46

Danio rerio (Zebrafish)

Answer 46

● Generation time: 3months ● Transparent for the first 2 week of its life

Question 47

Model for vertebrate development

Answer 47

Xenopus laevis

Question 48

Has duplicated genome (i.e., twice as much DNA per cell)

Answer 48

Xenopus laevis

Question 49

The process that produces an alteration in DNA or chromosome structure; in genes, the source of new alleles.

Answer 49

Mutation

Question 50

Mutation is the process that produces an alteration in ___ or ____; in genes, the source of _____.

Answer 50

DNA or chromosome; new alleles

Question 51

Mutated genes can occur through:

Answer 51

Intragenic Mutation Gene Duplication DNA Segment Shuffling Horizontal Gene Transfer

Question 52

an existing gene can be randomly modified by changes in its DNA sequence, thru various types of error that occur in DNA replication

Answer 52

Intragenic Mutation

Question 53

existing genes can be duplicated to create a pair of identical genes within a single cell.

Answer 53

Gene duplication

Question 54

Gene Duplication

Answer 54

genes may diverge in the course of time gives rise to families of related genes within a single cell.

Question 55

Genes gradually differ in the course of time, but are likely to continue to have corresponding functions in 2 related species: ___. ____

Answer 55

Orthologs, Paralogs

Question 56

genes related by descent in 2 separate species derived from the same ancestral gene.

Answer 56

Orthologs

Question 57

Related genes that have resulted from a gene duplication event w/in a single genome - & are likely to have diverged in their function.

Answer 57

Paralogs

Question 58

2 or more existing genes can break and rejoin which creates a ___ gene consisting of DNA segments that originally belonged to _____.

Answer 58

DNA segment shuffling; hybrid; separate genes

Question 59

DNA is transferred from the genome of one cell to that of another -- even to that of another species.

Answer 59

Horizontal (intercellular) transfer

Question 60

Common among prokaryotes, but rare on eukaryotes of different species.

Answer 60

Horizontal (intercellular) transfer

Question 61

Massive transfers from bacteria to eukaryotic genomes have occured in ____ and _____

Answer 61

mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 62

vectors for HGT

Answer 62

Viruses (Bacteriophage)

Question 63

will replicate in one cell, emerge from it w/ a capsule & then enter & infect another cell, w/c maybe of the same or a different species (i.e., transduction). Has a protein coat and genetic material (DNA or RNA)

Answer 63

Viruses (Bacteriophage)

Question 64

By ____, bacteria & archaea can acquire genes from neighboring cells easily.

Answer 64

virus-mediated transfer

Question 65

Genes that confer resistance to ______, can be transferred from species to species & provide recipient bacterium w/ _____,

Answer 65

antibiotic or an ability to produce a toxin; selective advantage

Question 66

HGT is responsible for the spread of _____ of Neisseria gonorrhoeae (cause of gonorrhea

Answer 66

penicillin-resistant strains

Question 67

About ___% of all the genes in the present-day genome of E.coli have been acquired via ____ from another species within the past 100 million years.

Answer 67

18; HGT

Question 68

New & dangerous strains of bacteria have been observed to evolve in ____ that inhabit hospitals or various niches in the human body.

Answer 68

bacterial ecosystems

Question 69

Horizontal transfer of genes between eukaryotic cells of different species are ____

Answer 69

rare

Question 70

The Function of a Gene Can often Be Deduced from Its ____

Answer 70

Sequence

Question 71

Sexual reproduction (eukaryotes) causes _____ between 2 initially separate cell lineages – Father & Mother; thus, genetic transfer occur only between same species. This results in individuals who are related _____ & vice versa.

Answer 71

large-scale horizontal transfer of genetic information; more closely to one set of relatives w/ respect to some genes

Question 72

Database containing DNA gene sequences and other regulatory sequences

Answer 72

Genbank

Question 73

Managed by NCBI - National Center for biotechnology information

Answer 73

Genbank

Question 74

used to align or put the sequences together.

Answer 74

BLAST - Basic Local Alignment Search tool

Question 75

______ result in inappropriate duplication of just part of the genome, w/ retention of original & duplicate segments in a single cell.

Answer 75

Accidents

Question 76

A cell duplicates its whole genome each time it divides into 2 daughter cells.

Answer 76

Gene Duplication

Question 77

In gene duplication, once a gene has been ____, one of the 2 gene copies is free to mutate & become ______ to perform a _____ w/in the same cell.

Answer 77

duplicated; specialized to perform a different function

Question 78

Repeated rounds of ____ & ______, over millions of years, have enabled 1 gene to give rise to a family of genes found in a ____genome.

Answer 78

duplication & divergence; single

Question 79

DNA sequence of prokaryotic genomes reveal examples of such gene families: Bacillus subtilis, 47% of genes have _____ relatives.

Answer 79

one or more obvious

Question 80

In HGT, DNA is transferred from the ____ to that of another -- even to that of another species.

Answer 80

genome of one cell

Question 81

provide good examples of horizontal transfer of genes from one species to another

Answer 81

Prokaryotes

Question 82

Key feature of sexual reproduction in Eukaryotes

Answer 82

Genetic exchange only occurs between individuals of same species

Question 83

The function of one or more of the genes have already been determined _____

Answer 83

experimentally

Question 84

Gene families classified by Function Common to All 3 Domains of the Living World:

Answer 84

* Information processing * Cellular processes & signaling * Metabolism * Poorly characterized