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Genetics Lecture > Introduction to Genetics > Flashcards

Introduction to Genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

refers to parts of the bacterial
genome that produce RNA molecules

A

CRISPR (Clustered regularly interspersed short
palindromic repeats)

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2
Q

Meaning of CRISPR

A

Clustered regularly interspersed short
palindromic repeats

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3
Q

refers to the nuclease or
DNA-cutting enzymes

A

CAS (CRISPR-associated)

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4
Q

binds to a matching sequence
in the viral DNA (seek) and recruits the CAS
nuclease to cut it (destroy)

A

CRISPR RNA

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5
Q

CRISPR has been helpful to repair mutations in cells
derived from individuals with genetic disorders
such as _____, _____. ______, _______.

A

Cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s disease,
Sickle-cell disease, Muscular dystrophy

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6
Q

the basic structural
and functional unit of all
living things.

A

Cell

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7
Q

______is the set of hereditary
information encoded in the DNA of
an organism, including both
_____&_____

A

Genome; protein & non-protein coding sequences

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8
Q

Gene is a DNA sequence coding
for a ____

A

Single Polypeptide

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9
Q

The
fundamental physical unit of
heredity w/c occupies a specific
chromosomal locus.

A

Gene

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10
Q

3 primary branches of the tree of Life

A

Prokaryotes, Archaea, Eukaryotes

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11
Q

determine gene function: one can make a
guess at the function of a new gene (it is likely to be similar
to that of already known homologs).

A

Gene sequences

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12
Q

Bacteria present in every habitat on
Earth, from ice shelf of antarctic to the driest African
deserts to internal confines of plants & animals

A

Eubacteria

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13
Q

Lack cell wall & contain a genome w/ fewer than
500 genes

A

Bacteria (Eubacteria)

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14
Q

the smallest known cells (0.2 um in
diameter)

A

Mycoplasma

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15
Q

those that can thrive in extreme conditions.

A

Archaea (Archaebacteria)

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16
Q

Archaea can thrive in?

A

Extremely high temperatures
Extremely salty
Extremely acidic

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17
Q

Often found inhabiting environments that humans
avoid

A

Archaea (Archaebacteria)

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18
Q

have small genomes, with
genes packed closely together & minimum quantities of
regulatory DNA between them.

A

Bacteria & Archaebacteria

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19
Q

Bacteria & Archaebacteria are easy to use for _____ to determine complete genome
sequence,

A

modern DNA sequencing
techniques

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20
Q

Bacteria & Archaebacteria usually contain how many nucleotide pairs?

A

10^6 and 10^7 nucleotide pairs

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21
Q

Bacteria & Archaebacteria encodes how many genes?

A

1000-6000 gene pairs

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22
Q

Include animals, plants, fungi & protists

A

Eukaryotes

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23
Q

Develop fruiting bodies

A

Mushrooms

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24
Q

have cells that are connected and branched

A

Filamentous fungi

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25
Q

Are unicellular eukaryote

A

Yeast (S. cerevisiae)

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26
Q

do not belong in animal or plant kingdom
but possess both characteristics

A

Protists

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27
Q

What are some protists? (PAPAE)

A

Paramecium
Amoeba
Protozoans
Algae
Euglena

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28
Q

used to study human diseases and genetic
conditions.

A

Model organisms

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29
Q

provides different
strains of mice, including mutant mice that are used for the
study of diseases like Alzheimer’s, diabetes.

A

The Jackson Laboratory

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30
Q

possess homologous genes that are
similar to that of humans

A

Mus muculus

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31
Q

An example of using mus muculus as model organism is when they are observed to have same mutations in the _____ with humans which are needed for development & maintenance of pigment cells

A

Kit Gene

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32
Q

Arabidopsis thaliana (Thale cress)

A

●Small weed
●Grown indoors in large numbers
●Produces thousands of offspring after 8 to 10
weeks.
●Genome size: 220 million nucleotide pairs
●17 times the size of yeast.

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33
Q

Proof of the existence of genes that are carried on
chromosomes

A

Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly)

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34
Q

giant chromosome, due to
many rounds of DNA replication without an
intervening cell division.

A

Polytene chromosome

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35
Q

produces enzymes for
biological clocks or circadian rhythms.

A

Period Gene

35
Q

Used D. melanogaster for research & discovered
the period gene (PE) affecting circadian rhythm.

A

Dr. Michael Rosbash, Dr Michael Young, and Dr. Jeffrey Hall

36
Q

Caenorhabditis elegans

A

● About 1 mm. Long nematode
● Only hermaphroditic and male species
● Life cycle: few days
● Able to survive in a freezer
● Simple body plan

37
Q

Used as model for cell division and cell death

A

Caenorhabditis elegans

38
Q

Used to study jumping genes (transposons)

A

Zea Mays

39
Q

Zea mays (Barbara McClintock - Nobel Prize)

A

● Transfer of genes that cause mutation in the
sequences of the DNA.
● Catalyzed by transposase.
● Jumping genes can also transfer to another
chromosome. EX. Corn with different kernel color.

40
Q

rod shaped bacteria

A

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

41
Q

Escherichia coli (E. coli)

A

● Lives in the gut of humans and other vertebrates
● Can be grown easily in simple nutrient broth
● Standard lab strain: E. coli K-12

42
Q

small
single-celled fungi

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae)

43
Q

Able to reproduce vegetatively or sexually

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae)

44
Q

Can be grown easily in simple nutrient broth and has a small genome

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae)

45
Q

used to
observe cell behavior

A

Danio rerio (Zebrafish)

46
Q

Danio rerio (Zebrafish)

A

● Generation time: 3months
● Transparent for the first 2 week of its life

47
Q

Model for vertebrate development

A

Xenopus laevis

48
Q

Has duplicated genome (i.e., twice as much DNA
per cell)

A

Xenopus laevis

49
Q

The process that produces an alteration in DNA or
chromosome structure; in genes, the source of new alleles.

A

Mutation

50
Q

Mutation is the process that produces an alteration in ___ or ____; in genes, the source of _____.

A

DNA or chromosome; new alleles

51
Q

Mutated genes can occur through:

A

Intragenic Mutation
Gene Duplication
DNA Segment Shuffling
Horizontal Gene Transfer

52
Q

an existing gene can be randomly
modified by changes in its DNA sequence, thru various
types of error that occur in DNA replication

A

Intragenic Mutation

53
Q

existing genes can be duplicated to
create a pair of identical genes within a single cell.

A

Gene duplication

54
Q

Gene Duplication

A

genes may diverge in the course of time

gives rise to families of related genes within a
single cell.

55
Q

Genes gradually differ in the course of time, but are
likely to continue to have corresponding functions
in 2 related species: ___. ____

A

Orthologs, Paralogs

56
Q

genes related by descent in 2
separate species derived from the same
ancestral gene.

A

Orthologs

57
Q

Related genes that have
resulted from a gene duplication event w/in
a single genome - & are likely to have
diverged in their function.

A

Paralogs

58
Q

2 or more existing genes can
break and rejoin which creates a ___ gene consisting of
DNA segments that originally belonged to _____.

A

DNA segment shuffling; hybrid; separate genes

59
Q

DNA is transferred
from the genome of one cell to that of another – even to
that of another species.

A

Horizontal (intercellular) transfer

60
Q

Common among prokaryotes, but rare on
eukaryotes of different species.

A

Horizontal (intercellular) transfer

61
Q

Massive transfers
from bacteria to eukaryotic genomes have
occured in ____ and _____

A

mitochondria and chloroplasts

62
Q

vectors for HGT

A

Viruses (Bacteriophage)

63
Q

will replicate in one cell, emerge from it w/ a capsule & then enter & infect another cell, w/c maybe of the same or a different species (i.e., transduction).

Has a protein coat and genetic material (DNA or RNA)

A

Viruses (Bacteriophage)

64
Q

By ____, bacteria & archaea
can acquire genes from neighboring cells easily.

A

virus-mediated transfer

65
Q

Genes that confer resistance to
______, can be transferred from
species to species & provide
recipient bacterium w/ _____,

A

antibiotic or an ability to produce a
toxin; selective
advantage

66
Q

HGT is responsible for the spread of
_____ of Neisseria
gonorrhoeae (cause of gonorrhea

A

penicillin-resistant strains

67
Q

About ___% of all the genes in the present-day genome of
E.coli have been acquired via ____ from another
species within the past 100 million years.

A

18; HGT

68
Q

New & dangerous strains of
bacteria have been observed to evolve
in ____ that
inhabit hospitals or various niches in
the human body.

A

bacterial ecosystems

69
Q

Horizontal transfer of genes
between eukaryotic cells of
different species are ____

A

rare

70
Q

The Function of a Gene Can
often Be Deduced from Its ____

A

Sequence

71
Q

Sexual reproduction (eukaryotes) causes
_____ between 2 initially separate cell
lineages – Father & Mother; thus, genetic transfer
occur only between same species. This results in
individuals who are related _____ & vice versa.

A

large-scale horizontal transfer of genetic
information; more closely to one set
of relatives w/ respect to some genes

72
Q

Database containing DNA gene
sequences and other regulatory sequences

A

Genbank

73
Q

Managed by NCBI - National Center for
biotechnology information

A

Genbank

74
Q

used to align or put the sequences together.

A

BLAST - Basic Local Alignment Search tool

75
Q

______ result in inappropriate
duplication of just part of the
genome, w/ retention of original & duplicate segments in a single cell.

A

Accidents

76
Q

A cell duplicates its whole genome
each time it divides into 2 daughter
cells.

A

Gene Duplication

77
Q

In gene duplication, once a gene has been ____,
one of the 2 gene copies is free to
mutate & become ______ to perform a _____ w/in
the same cell.

A

duplicated; specialized to
perform a different function

78
Q

Repeated rounds of ____ &
______, over millions of years,
have enabled 1 gene to give rise
to a family of genes found in a
____genome.

A

duplication & divergence; single

79
Q

DNA sequence of prokaryotic
genomes reveal examples of such
gene families: Bacillus subtilis, 47%
of genes have _____
relatives.

A

one or more obvious

80
Q

In HGT, DNA is transferred
from the ____ to that of another – even to
that of another species.

A

genome of one cell

81
Q

provide good
examples of horizontal transfer of
genes from one species to another

A

Prokaryotes

82
Q

Key feature of sexual reproduction in Eukaryotes

A

Genetic exchange only occurs between individuals of same species

83
Q

The function of one or
more of the genes have
already been determined
_____

A

experimentally

84
Q

Gene families classified by
Function Common to All 3
Domains of the Living World:

A
  • Information processing
  • Cellular processes & signaling
  • Metabolism
  • Poorly characterized

Genetics Lecture (5 decks)

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