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SBI3U Content Test Review > Mendelian Genetics > Flashcards

Mendelian Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the complete complement of an organism’s DNA?

A

Genome

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2
Q

How is cellular DNA organized?

A

In chromosomes

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3
Q

What have specific places on chromosomes (loci)?

A

Genes

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4
Q

What is the genetic composition of an organism?

A

Genotype

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5
Q

What is the physical expression of an organism’s traits?

A

Phenotype

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6
Q

What are variations of a gene?

A

Alleles - Represented with letters for different types of alleles (PP, Pp, pp)

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7
Q

What is a pair of identical alleles for a character (PP, pp)?

A

Homozygous

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8
Q

What is two different alleles for a gene (Pp)?

A

Heterozygous

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9
Q

What is a heritable feature?

A

A character

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10
Q

What is a variant for a character?

A

A trait

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11
Q

What are all offspring of the same variety called?

A

Purebred

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12
Q

What is the crossing of two different true-bred organisms called?

A

Hybrid

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13
Q

What are the different generations of a cross called?

A

-P generation (parents)
-F1 generation (1st filial generation)
-F2 generation (2nd filial generation)

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14
Q

What type of genotype is it when both recessive alleles are present (rr)?

A

Recessive

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15
Q

What type of genotype is it when at least one dominant allele is present (R-)?

A

Dominant

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16
Q

Who was Gregor Mendel?

A

Austrian monk from the 1800’s who suggested that when crossed, organisms had heritable traits

17
Q

What did Gregor Mendel do?

A

He examined pea plants over many generations

18
Q

What did Mendel discover? What were these things called?

A

-Three laws of inheritance.
-They are called:
- Law of Dominance
- Law of Segregation
- Law of Independent Assortment

19
Q

What happened in Mendel’s Pea Plant Experiments?

A
  • Mendel examined plants of varying heights (tall or short 🡪 T = tall, t = short)
  • In the experiment he crossed two parent (P) plants (short x tall) and got ALL tall plants in the F1 generation
  • He crossed the F1 plants and found that ¾ were tall in the F2 generation
20
Q

What is a monohybrid cross?

A

The examination of one trait (height)

21
Q

What did the results of these experiments mean?

A
  • Mendel went on to examine other traits on pea plants (round x wrinkled, yellow x green) and got similar results
  • Ratio of ~3:1 in F2 generation
  • He concluded that there must be a dominant trait that is always expressed when present, and a recessive trait that is expressed only when the dominant trait is not present
22
Q

Explain Mendel’s Law of Dominance

A
  • In a cross of parents that are pure for contrasting traits, only one form of the trait will appear in the F1 generation
  • The dominant trait will be expressed (phenotype), while the recessive trait will be hidden
  • Factor that remained hidden in F1 generation but is present in the F2 generation is the “recessive factor”
23
Q

Explain Mendel’s Law of Segregation (3 points)

A
  • Alleles (one from each parent) result in variations in inherited characteristics
  • For each character, an organism inherits two alleles (1/parent)
  • The alleles for each character segregate during meiosis
  • Alleles for a trait are recombined at fertilization → genotype of offspring
24
Q

Explain Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment

A

Alleles for different traits are distributed to sex cells (and offspring) independent of one another

25
Q

How do you predict patterns of inheritance?

A
  • Punnett Squares: Tool for diagramming possible genotypes of offspring
  • Laws of Probability: When you flip a coin, what is the likelihood that you will get heads? Tails? Basic genetics problems can be solved using the foundational laws of probability
26
Q

How do you determine if an organism is homozygous dominant or heterozygous?

A
  • When the above information is not given, a test cross must be done to confirm
  • Always performed between the unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive genotype
  • Cross the individual with the dominant trait with an individual that exhibits the recessive trait
    -Results reveal the genotype: All offspring display the dominant phenotype, then the the individual in question is homozygous dominant. Offspring display both dominant and recessive phenotypes, then individual is heterozygous
27
Q

What are test crosses?

A
  • When the genotype of an organism is not known, one can cross this organism with another that is homozygous recessive for the traits in question
  • This is called a test cross

SBI3U Content Test Review (9 decks)

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