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SBI3U Content Test Review > Genetics Terminology > Flashcards

Genetics Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

Heredity Definition

A

The passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring.

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2
Q

What is Genetics?

A

From ‘genesis’, the area of biology concerned with how information in organisms is passed from parents to offspring/progeny.

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3
Q

What did 19th century scientists show?

A

That there were factors within organisms that determined their characteristics and that these factors were heritable.

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4
Q

What was the word “gene” used to describe?

A

These factors

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5
Q

What did 20th century scientists show?

A

That these genes were made up of DNA.

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6
Q

What do human cells contain?

A

46 DNA molecules (chromosomes) with approximately 23,000 genes.

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7
Q

What is understood today?

A

That genes are segments of a DNA molecule that influence or directly code for specific traits.

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8
Q

What is a chromosome made of? What does it contain?

A

-Made of DNA and protein.
-Contains genes

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9
Q

What are genes?

A

Heritable factors that control specific characteristics.

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10
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different forms of a specific gene.

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11
Q

What is a gene locus?

A

The specific position of a gene on a chromosome.

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12
Q

What do all individuals of a species do?

A

Carry the same genes at the same loci on the same chromosomes.

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13
Q

Where are chromosomes contained?

A

In the nucleus of all eukaryotic cells.

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14
Q

What do chromosomes vary widely in?

A

Shape, number and size.

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15
Q

How do chromosomes exist in multicellular organisms?

A

In sets

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16
Q

What is contained in a haploid nuclei?

A

One of each chromosome type.

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17
Q

In humans, how many chromosomes do haploid cells contain?

A

23 chromosomes

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18
Q

What are haploid cells?

A

Sex cells (gametes) that fuse together during sexual reproduction - egg and sperm.

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19
Q

What does “haploid” mean?

A

“Half” of a full set of chromosomes.

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20
Q

What do diploid nuclei contain?

A

Two of each chromosome type (and so 2 copies of each gene)

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21
Q

In humans, how many chromosomes do diploid cells contain?

A

In humans, diploid cells contain 46 chromosomes (2 x 23).

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22
Q

What happens during fertilization?

A

Haploid sperm and egg fuse in fertilization to produce diploid zygote, which then divides by mitosis to form embryo.

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23
Q

What are diploid cells?

A

Body cells (somatic cells)

24
Q

What do males only have?

A

One copy of each gene on the X and Y sex chromosomes.

25
Q

What do eukaryotic cells contain?

A

Different types of chromosomes with different genes.

26
Q

What do chromosomes differ in?

A

Length and position of the centromere.

27
Q

How many different types of chromosomes do humans have?

A

23

28
Q

What are the different types of chromosomes that humans have divided into?

A
  • 22 pairs of Autosomes (1-22).
  • 1 pair of Sex Chromosomes (23).
29
Q

What does each chromosome carry?

A

A different set of genes in a specific order.

30
Q

What is the location of each gene on the chromosome called?

A

The gene locus.

31
Q

What is a fundamental feature that defines a species?

A

Chromosome number

32
Q

What do all members of a species have?

A

The same chromosome number

33
Q

When does chromosome numbe tend to be conserved?

A

Across millions of years of evolution.

34
Q

In rare cases, what can happen?

A

Chromosomes can fuse together or split to change chromosome number of a species.

35
Q

During human evolution, what happened?

A

Two ancestral ape chromosomes fused to form modern day Chromosome 2 (as a result, humans have 23 types of chromosomes, while ape species have 24.

36
Q

Where are genes distributed?

A

Amongst an organism’s chromsomes.

37
Q

What is the location of a gene on a chromosome called?

A

The locus of the gene

38
Q

What do all members of a species have?

A

The same chromosome number with the same genes in the same loci along their chromosomes.

39
Q

What is a genome?

A

The whole genetic information of an organism.

40
Q

What does the genome consist of in humans?

A

46 chromosomes in nucleus plus mitochondrial DNA

41
Q

What does the genome consist of in plants?

A

Chromosomes in the nucleus plus DNA in the mitochondria and chloroplasts.

42
Q

What does the genome consist of in prokaryotes?

A

Much smaller genome consisting of DNA in a circular chromosome and any plasmids.

43
Q

When did the Human Genome Project begin and what did it produce?

A

The Human Genome Project (HGP) began in 1990 and produced a full copy of a human genome in 2003.

44
Q

All human genomes vary due to what?

A

SNPs

45
Q

What is identical among all humans?

A

99.9% of the genome

46
Q

Public/private competition and collaboration drove incredibly rapid what?

A

Biotech research and development

47
Q

What did HGP produce?

A

A vast set of data in the form of the approximately 3.2 billion base letter sequence of human DNA

48
Q

What are scientists still in the process of?

A

Decoding these sequences to ID specific genes

49
Q

How many genes were identified?

A

Approximately 23,000 genes (much fewer than predicted)

50
Q

What was discovered?

A

Much of the genome is NOT transcribed

51
Q

What were highly-repetitive sequences originally called? Why?

A

“Junk DNA” but now recognized as having a number of key functions.

52
Q

What are two modes of reproduction?

A

-Asexual
-Sexual

53
Q

What happens during asexual reproduction? (3 points)

A
  • New individual is produced from a single parent by cell division.
  • Two daughters cells receive one copy of each chromosome.
  • Two daughter cells are genetically identical to one another and the parent cell.
54
Q

What happens during sexual reproduction? (3 points)

A
  • New individual is produced from the fusion of two sex cells
  • Sex cells usually come from two different organisms
  • Offspring are not genetically identical to one another
55
Q

What are the stages of asexual reproduction in the cell cycle? What happens in each?

A
  • Mitosis: Stage of the cell cycle during which the genetic material in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell is divided equally into two nuclei.
    -Cytokinesis: Nuclear division
    -Interphase: Cell growth, normal functions, chromatin is formed.
56
Q

What are the six stages of mitosis?

A

-G2 of Interphase
-Prophase
-Prometaphase
-Metaphase
-Anaphase
-Telophase and Cytokinesis

57
Q

What is cloning? (4 points)

A

-A mode of asexual reproduction
-Process of forming identical offspring from a single cell or tissue
-Form of biotechnology
-There are ethics concerns

SBI3U Content Test Review (9 decks)

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