Memory + Vaccination Flashcards
What does immunological memory involve?
When is it difficult to create vaccines?
What are the 2 types of Memory T-cells?
How do B cells work in primary and secondary exposure?
-Memory B cells quickly produce class switched antibodies which are effective against pathogens
why do we need a high vaccination rate in a population?
-Herd immunity
-Protects individuals who are unable to be vaccinated
What are vaccine requirements?
What are the vaccine options?
What are adjuvants used for?
Give an example.
-To ensure an effective response when only some components of the pathogen are used instead of the whole pathogen
>Alum : Strong TH2 response - But little capacity to stimulate a TH1 response
What are some other examples of adjuvants?
- Mineral salts
- Bacteria derived components
- Oil emulsions (MF59)
What can adjuvants do?
- Enhance the immunogenicity of the antigen
- Reduce the amount of antigen needed in the vaccine
- Improve the efficacy in new-borns, elderly or immunocompromised
- Aid delivery by the mucosa
How do adjuvants ensure an effective response?
How does “Live attenuated pathogen” vaccines work?
-Give advantages and disadvantages.
> Rotavirus and MMR
-TYPICALLY VIRAL VACCINES
Advantages :
1. Provide multiple life cycle stages at which the immune system can recognise the virus
2. Shown to have good long lasting immunity including Cell mediated effects
Disadvantages:
1. Extremely rare occasions it could revert back to a pathogenic strain
2. Risky for immunodeficient patients as it often acts as virulent opportunistic pathogens
3. Need special storage conditions
How do “inactive pathogen” vaccines work?
-Give advantages and disadvantages.
> Flu and Polio
Advantages:
1. Pathogen can’t replicate in the body eliminating the chance of it being pathogenic
2. Safe to use in immunocompromised people
3. Vaccines can be easily stored and transported without affecting them
Disadvantages:
1. Less effective than live vaccines often require booster doses
2. Don’t induce a CD8+T Cell response or effective mucosal immunity
3. Failure in the production of inactivated virus can produce a pathogenic strain no one is aware of
How do “pathogen component” vaccines work?
>Toxoid + Subunit
-Give advantages and disadvantages.
> Toxoid: Tetanus
Subunit: Whooping cough
Advantages:
1. Very safe, there is no pathogen being introduced so no chance of infection
2. Vaccines can be easily stored and transported without affecting them
Disadvantages:
1. Less effective at inducing long-lasting immunity
2. Don’t induce a CD8+T Cell response or effective mucosal immunity
3. Need to be engineered to include a whole range of different antigens to be sure the body responds to the pathogen strain
How do “conjugate “ vaccines work?
-Give advantages and disadvantages.
> Meningitis C
Advantages :
1. Create a powerful combined immune response involving CD4+ T cells
2. Don’t use whole pathogens so can’t cause disease
3. Can elicit protection in very young children
Disadvantages:
1.Expensive to produce
2.Don’t induce a CD8+ T Cell response or effective mucosal immunity
3. Need to be engineered to include a whole range of different antigens to be sure it responds to the pathogen strain
How do “mRNA “ vaccines work?
-Give advantages and disadvantages.
> SARs-CoV2
Advantages:
1. Potentially effective against cancers
2. Antigen presentation by MHCI and MHCII
3. Can be rapidly adapted
4. Long term persistence of the antigen
Disadvantages:
1. Limited to protein antigens
2. Not stable at high temperatures
3. Possibility of inducing tolerance
