memory unit (unit 1) Flashcards
we develop our memory overtime ,……..
through our lifespan.
sensory memory
a very short memory of senses
short-term memory
memory that can hold up to seven items briefly
ex: phone numbers are 7 digits because of this
long-term memory
relatively permanent & limitless storage of memories, ex, knowledge, skills, experiences
encoding:
getting info into the memory system
storage:
retaining encoded information overtime.
retrieval:
getting information out of the memory system.
effortful processing
active processing, information requires effort to be processed
automatic processing
unconscious processing of information, ex: learning how to ride a bike
explicit memory
memories we can consciously declare (remember)
implicit memory
memories that are independent of conscious recollection (ex: riding a bike)
shallow processing
processing on a surface level (meaningless, easier to forget)
deep processing
processing on a deeper level (meaningful, easier to remember)
working memory
memory we use for immediate mental use, adds conscious processing of new information and information from our long-term memory.
(ex: holding a number in mind when solving a math problem)
chunking
grouping of information
mnemonics
linking words together that become relatable information, helps remember that information
ex: making up a story from words, acronyms, etc.
hierarchy:
order of information
Are our long term memories stored in a specific location of the brain?
No, we store long term memories throughout our brain networks.
hippocampus
holds short term memories and transfers them into long term storage.
cerebellum
helps form and store the implicit memories created by classical conditioning.
basal ganglia
facilitates formation of procedural memories for skills.
intense emotions can lead to….
more deeper engraving of memories in brain
increase at synapses lead to…
quicker, easier memory processing
external cues, internal emotions & order of appearance lead to….
retrieval cues: easier to remember that memory
why do we forget?
aging, physiological interruptions, encoding failure
misinformation effect
occurs when misleading information distorts one’s memory of an event
ex: an eyewitness being asked “did you see the broken light” instead of “did you see a broken light”
false memories
we fill in the gaps of stories. we remember the overall assumptions better than the details themselves.
source amnesia
faulty memory for how, when and where information was learned/ imagined
random assignment
randomly assigning the participant group in an experiment to either control or experimental group. 50% chance of ending up in each group.
random selection
randomly selecting the sample group from the total population. relates to correlational study.
case study
research design going deep on a single subject or case, usually an article.
correlational study
examines the relationship between two variables, there is usually choice allowed, no specific data, one does not cause the other to happen.
ex: number of hours studied & exam scores
experiment
there is a hypothesis, control & experimental groups, specific data and the two variables have a cause and effect relationship.
meta analysis
statistical or experimental methods of studies with the same questions are analyzed for common techniques, results or disagreements. BIIG amount of data
cognition
mental activities related to thinking, knowing, communicating, remembering.
concept
mental group of similar ideas, objects, events or people.
prototype
best example of a category
creativity
ability to produce new and valuable ideas
convergent thinking
providing a single solution to a problem (ex: a math problem)
divergent thinking
multiple solutions to a problem, creative thinking that expands in different directions
expertise
component of creativity: well developed knowledge
imaginative thinking skills
component of creativity: ability to see things in novel ways, create connections
venturesome personality
component of creativity:
seeks new experiences, perseveres, tolerates ambiguity & risk
intrinsic motivation
being driven more by interest & satisfaction & challenge than by external pressures (extrinsic motivation)
creative environment
sparks, supports and refines creative ideas
algorithm
methodological rule/procedure that guarantees a solution but requires time & effort
intuition
fast, automatic feelings& thoughts based on experience
insight
sudden aha! reaction : instant solution
heuristic
simple thinking shortcut that enables quick& efficient decisions
fixation
inability to view problems from a different angle
confirmation bias
tendency to search for support for your own views
overconfidence
overestimating the accuracy of your beliefs & judgments
creativity
ability to produce novel & valuable ideas
framing
wording a question/statement so that it evokes a desired response
belief perseverance
holding on to your beliefs even after they are proven wrong.
