Memory (topic. 2) Flashcards
information input
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encoding the information
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output
information input: information from surroundings by our sense
encoding the information: sensory information is deliberately/unconsciously stored. it is stored in an electromagnetic memory tree which is stored in the brain.
output: produced behaviour. the information we retrieve (retrieval)
what is acoustic encoding?
encoding information via. sound
what is semantic encoding?
encoding information via. meaning rather than the sound if the word.
what is visual encoding?
encoding information via. visually.
why do we forget things?
when new information enters our STM due to the limited capacity older information is pushed out. this is called displacement.
memories in our LTM can also be forgotten, this may be due to decay or can be overwritten (interference) or the memory cam simply not be found (rehearsal failure)
what is amnesia?
amnesia is an abnormally severe loss or failure of memory usually as a result of trauma or brain injury. amnesia is also known to be triggered by sudden and intense bolts of stress or emotional trauma
what is anterograde amnesia?
the inability to store any new long-term memories following brain injury however, memories from before the brain injury remain intact.
what is retrograde amnesia?
the inability to remember past memories from before the brain injury. it can be one specific memory
what is the sensory register?
0it has a very limited duration. information from the environment lasts in the sensory register for around 1-2 seconds. if paid no attention information decays almost immediately. the capacity is large.
gutsory s.r.
iconic s.r.
olfactory s.r.
echoic s.r.
tactile s.r.
taste
visual
smell
hearing
touch
STM
capacity: 7 chunks of information
duration: 15-30 seconds
LTM
-capacity: unlimited
-duration: unlimited
-mainly uses semantic encoding
Peterson and Peterson (1959)
what are the aims?
- to investigate the duration
- to test whether information which is not rehearsed is lost quickly from STM
- whether silent/vocal rehearsal would effect the amount of items rehearsed
Peterson and Peterson (1959)
experiment 1: procedure?
- 24 ppt
- a black box with two lights was placed in front of the ppt.
-the experimenter spelt out a trigram - straight after the experimenter gave the ppt a number to count back from (half from 3, half from 4)
-ppt counted backwards for an interval of 3,6,9,12,15 and 18 seconds
-after the interval the ppt were asked to recall the trigrams.
Peterson and Peterson (1959)
experiment 1:
what were the results found?
- after 3s 80% of the trigrams were recalled correctly
- after 6s 50% of the trigrams were recalled correcty
- after 18s less than 10%v of the trigrams were recalled correctly