Memory (Human Neuro) Flashcards
Damage to which areas affects episodic memory?
Medial temporal lobe (H.M) and ventral pre-frontal cortex (M.L) and uncinate fasciculus.
What is autonoetic awareness? What type of memory is related to?
It is our ability to put ourselves in the present or future. And it is related to episodic memory
What areas are implicated in semantic memory?
Frontal and temporal regions next to the areas involved in episodic memory
Due to the cases of K.C and H.M, which areas seem to NOT be involved in semantic memory?
Ventral prefrontal lobe and medial temporal lobe
What are the two major pathways for the hippocampus?
Perforant pathway and fimbria fornix
What are the two gyri that the hippocampus is made up of?
Ammon’s horn (pyramidal cells) and dentate gryrus (granule cells)
What are pyramidal and granule cells responsible for?
Memory retrieval and processing
What are the two areas of the temporal cortex?
Perirhinal cortex and endorhinal cortex
What are the functions of the perirhinal cortex and endorhinal cortex?
Main pathways used to deliver info to hippocampus
Responsible for object recognition
Damage to right temporal lobe causes…
impairs memory of non-verbal content
Damage to left temporal lobe causes…
impaired memory of verbal material
So, when we know that the frontal cortex is involved in episodic memory. What part of memory processing is the right prefrontal cortex and left prefrontal cortex responsible for?
Left prefrontal cortex - MORE involved in encoding
Right prefrontal cortex - MORE involved in retrieval
Knowing the function of the right and left prefrontal cortex, damage in each of these areas causes…
Damage to left prefrontal cortex - affects making new memories and recall
Damage right prefrontal cortex - affects recall
Why does implicit memory not require higher-level cortical processing?
It is unconscious and unintentional type of memory
What is the key main structure in emotional response?
Amygdala
Damage to amygdala impacts what kind of memory?
Emotional memory
Emotional experiences activate both _______ and ________ systems
hormonal, brain
What pathways does short-term memory involve?
Dorsal (motor/spatial) and ventral (object-recognition) streams of sensory processing.
In regards to short-term memory, damage to the posterior-temporal regions causes…
inability to repeat verbal content
Where do cholinergic cells project from and to?
Project from basal forebrain to frontal and temporal lobes
Where do serotonergic cells project from and to?
From midbrain to limbic system and throughout cortex
What does the MOCA (assessment) assesses ?
Cognitive functioning decline in adults
Explicit memory
Conscious and intentional memory of events and facts.
What purpose does our episodic memory serve?
Provides a sense of continuity or autonoetic awareness, and guides our future behaviour.
Which brain areas are involved with long-term memory?
Parietal lobe, posterior temporal lobe and occipital cortices
What are the main brain areas involved in implicit memory?
Basal ganglia, cerebellum, amygdala and motor cortex
What are the main brain areas involved in explicit memory?
Hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and temporal cortex
Emotional memory involves…
stimuli and events that have emotional components
Brain areas associated with emotional memory
Amygdala and hypothalamus
What does short-term memory do?
Maintains information in our brain for a short-period of time
Explain how short-term memory is relate to streams of sensory processing
Involved in object-recognition (ventral stream) stream and motor/spatial (dorsal) stream
Damage to posterior-temporal region….
causes inability to repeat stimuli.
What is profound amnesia?
Severe memory loss that impacts person’s ability to learn and remember
Damage to cholinergic and serotonergic cells cause….
profound amnesia
What type of cells is associated with memory loss in Alzeihmer’s disease?
Cholinergic cells
What are the rare amnesia forms?
Fugue state, anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia, time-dependent retrograde amnesia
Why could fugue state happen?
It could be due to TEMPORARY suppression of medial temporal lobe memory systems
What is transient global amnesia?
Unable to make new memories and does not remember past memories as well. And it is sudden as well.
What is herpes simplex encephalitis?
May be unable to remember information from part of their life history. This condition can be related to temporal damage, but it does involve the insula. The insula access memories that are stored and damages them.
Alzheimer’s disease
First experiences anterograde amnesia and then retrograde amnesia follows. It begins by impacting the medial temporal lobe and then affecting other brain regions.
What is Korsakoff’s syndrome?
It happens to long-term alcoholics and occurs due to vitamin B deficiency. It consists of 6 major systems: confabulation, anterograde and retrograde amnesia, inability to have a good quality conversation, lack of insight and apathy (loss of pleasure).
What brain areas are impacted by Korsakoff’s syndrome?
Due to anterograde amnesia – there’s damage to medial temporal cortex
Due to retrograde amnesia - there’s damage to temporal association and frontal cortical areas.
What are the memory abilities?
Savant syndrome and superior autobiographical memory
Savant syndrome
Individuals with a developmental or intellectual disabilities show an exceptional memory. But, have trouble understanding simple things
Superior Autobiographical memory
Able to recall events in a very detailed and complete manner. They show increased grey matter in temporal and parietal lobe (more fiber projections between them).
