Hormones & Psychiatric Disease Flashcards
What did Berthold discover?
Discovered that the testes secrete testosterone into the bloodstream by removing the testes of a rooster and putting them back into a capon
What are hormones?
Chemicals released by cell groups into the bloodstream to act on targets (organs, cells).
What, typically, releases hormones?
Endocrine and exocrine glands
What do endocrine glands do?
secrete hormones WITHIN the body
What do exocrine glands do?
secrete fluids through ducts to the OUTSIDE of the body, such as sweat, tears
What are the major endocrine stuctures?
Pancreas, thyroid, gut, pituitary gland, adrenal glands, hypothalamus, pineal gland, reproductive organs
Differences between neural signaling and hormonal signaling
unit of measurement and speed, distance, location, and involuntary/voluntary
What is the pituitary gland and what does it do?
It is the master gland of the body. It secretes several hormones and it regulates other endocrine glands that secrete hormones throughout the body.
What is a negative feedback loop and why is it important?
counteracts an effect; it reverses a change. It is important for maintaining homeostasis.
How do hormones affect other cells?
When hormones bind to its receptors in a cell membrane, it releases intracellular second messengers into the cell, which causes physiological changes within the cell (receptor trafficking, cell growth, hormone release).
How do steroid hormones affect cells?
Steroid hormones are made up of cholesterol, which is a fatty substance. This allows them to pass through a cell membrane pretty easily. When they do so, they act (with their receptors) as transcriptions factors in the cell.
What is neuroscience?
A multidisciplinary field that focuses on understanding the nervous system and its functions
How do you know when someone is struggling with a mental health challenge?
They have a reduced ability to function over a long period of time because they are experiencing a significant amount of distress, experiencing changes in mood, thoughts or thinking, feel isolated, lonely or sad, feel disconnected from others or activities.
What causes psychiatric disease?
There is no particular gene (except for schizophrenia and substance use disorder), genetics, early life experiences (trauma, abuse), malnutrition, environmental influences on a fetus (alcohol, drugs)
What does the biopsychosocial model propose?
The mind and body are one and affect one another. As well, psychological, biological and social factors interact with one another and affect mental health.
What does the medical model propose in relation to mental illness?
mental illness develops due to a biological, psychological or genetic cause. It believes that psychological issues arise due to a biological cause or abnormalities in brain function.
What is considered when diagnosing a psychiatric disease?
cluster of symptoms, etiology, prognosis, and epidemiology
What is the DSM and what is it used for?
Combines all the mental disorders into one book and it used to diagnose mental disorders (provides descriptions, symptoms and other criteria needed to diagnose a disorder).
What does the RDoC propose?
We should treat symptoms and not disorders. It organizes symptoms into clusters: positive valence, negative valence, social, cognitive and arousal and regulation
