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Psychology 1B > Memory & Cognition > Flashcards

Memory & Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

failure to see something we’re looking at, occurs because attention is preoccupied

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2
Q

Visual Pop-Out

A

idea that some basic features don’t need attention to be seen

  • “primitive” features would naturally stand out
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3
Q

Feature Integration Theory - Anne Treisman

A

when perceiving a stimulus,
- features are “registered early, automatically, and in parallel,
- while objects are identified separately” and at a later stage in processing.

attention serves to bind simple features together, the binding process is slow and serial

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4
Q

Spatial Attention

A

selecting chunks of areas as a means of searching for an item

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5
Q

Change Blindness

A

bad at noticing even large changes and a failure to update representations between views

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5
Q

Feature Based Attention

A

prioritizes the processing of non-spatial features across the visual field, processing of entire visual field as opposed to select chunks

for example someone wearing a bright colour shirt will stand out in visual field

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6
Q

Memory Athletes don’t

A
  • score higher on general cognitive ability
  • have a larger hippocampus

instead fMRI showed that they used different brain areas, often involved in visual imagery and spatial navigation and they use encoding strategies

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7
Q

encoding

A

how information is put into the mind

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8
Q

retrieving

A

how information is pulled out of the mind

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9
Q

Multi-Store Model of Memory

A

Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1998

input –> sensory memory
–> short-term memory (working) –> long term memory

short to long term memory = consolidation
long to short term memory = retrieval
sensory to short term memory = attention

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10
Q

sensory memory

A

“iconic memory”

richly detailed visual memory that persists for a fraction of a second

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11
Q

working memory

A

short-term memory
- information is consciously focussed with attention

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12
Q

Memory Palace Method

A

connect images to subjects, placed along a path and then repeat process

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13
Q

Chess Configurations - Chase & Simon, 1973

A
  • child experts used chunking to understand the pieces of information better than adult novices despite the adults larger memories

meaning is imposed on the subjects of memorisation

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14
Q

schema

A

knowledge or expectations about a domain or event, structuring information in the mind

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15
Q

The Deese/Roediger-McDermott Effect

A

memory can be distorted by our biases and assumptions and by misleading information

–> by our schemas

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16
Q

The War of The Ghosts - Frederic Bartlett (1932)

A

suggested that recollections become increasingly shaped by our schemas as detailed memories fade

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17
Q

Elizabeth Loftus & Palmer, 1974 - False Memories

A

the way the question is asked can alter the answers or interpretations of the event, information gained about event after it occurs may inform what you think has happened

  • Creation of the Cognitive Interview
    1. Mentally reinstate context
    2. Report everything, even extraneous details

for example
- how hard did the car hit you?
- vs
- how hard did the car smash into you?

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18
Q

Source Monitoring includes

A

keeping track of where memories come from

external source, internal source, reality monitoring

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19
Q

internal and external source monitoring

A

External: distinguishing information retrieved from external sources, “what i thought vs what they thought”

Internal: distinguishing information retrieved from, “what i thought vs what i said”

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20
Q

Recognition

A

Recognition: identifying something as familiar to a previous experience

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21
Q

desirable difficulties

A

bjork & bjork 2011

challenges that may seem to slow down learning and performance, but which lead to longer and better memory

include:
retrieval practice, spaced practice, elaboration (deep encoding)

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22
Q

retrieval practice

A

practicing recalling information
- can result in retrieval failure
- done by re-studying for higher retention

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23
Q

retrieval failure

A

failing to retrieve something

some types include:
- blocking: the feeling of there being something interfering with access to memory, even though the memories are intact and well-encoded
- tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon: the feeling of not being able to bring a word to mind despite being able to recall things associated to it

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24
spaced practice
as opposed to massed practice consolidation: the stabilisation of memories that have already been encoded, spread out over time
25
elaboration (deep encoding)
link parts of material to each other and to your own interests, generate new examples, force engagement with deeper meaning actively forming mental links
26
Why may emotions relate to memory?
amygdala and hippocampus are in close proximity
27
Example of emotion relationship to memory
- Rats that had adrenaline blocked prevented retention of stressful memories - In people, a beta-blocker to block adrenaline eliminated memory enhancement for an emotional story rather than a non-emotional story - Amygdala activity correlated with better memory for emotional images - Events have emotional power when they are important to us - Hormones released with strong emotions seem to solidify memory
28
example of an undesirable difficulty
sleep loss hurts memory - 6 hours or less per night caused deficits equivalent to 2 nights sleep deprivation, sleepiness ratings suggested that participants were unaware of the deficits - important for memory consolidation
29
flashbulb memory
vivid recollection of where you were and what you were doing when something emotional occurred
30
Patient H.M
- removed hippocampus to treat epilepsy - it cured seizures but lost ability to create new memories - no change on cognitive intelligence but they got anterograde amnesia
31
anterograde amnesia
inability to create new memories, difficulting moving information from working memory to long-term memory - more common - damage to hippocampus, medial temporal lobe
32
retrograde amnesia
inability to access old memories - typically more profound for most recent memories - old memories have had time to consolidate
33
Diagram of Memory
34
hyperthymestic syndrome
highly superior autobiographical memory
35
memory is conscious and unconscious
conscious - episodic: events - semantic: facts unconscious - conditioned: making associations between stimuli or an S and an R - primed: prior exposure changes performance or judgement - procedural: skills and rules
36
external and internal attention
external: to the world - modality - features and objects - location - time internal: in self - long-term memory - working memory - selecting responses
37
Alan Baddeley's Model of Working Memory
working memory manipulates and manages information in buffers and the central executive works with these buffers in mind the buffers can include - phonological loop: stores auditory information briefly - episodic buffer: integrates information into new representations - visuospatial sketchpad: stores visual information briefly
38
automatic process
minimal cognitive effort required, natural
39
controlled process
effortful, more cognitive involvement
40
cognitive load
how demanding or difficult each task is
41
overlap
how much tasks compete for same mental resources tested - people drove while performing working memory task - 97.5% were impaired in both - 2.5% weren't impaired at all: supertasker
42
Serial Position Effect
primacy effect (remembering first thing seen) - advantage as it is rehearsed more recency effect (remembering the last thing seen) - advantage as it is still fresh from short-term memory primacy is strong in recall compared to recency effect
43
confabulation
use of common sense, learned experience and memories interacting to fill in a blank
44
elaborative encoding
telling self a story strategy, connecting new information to memories you already have
45
explicit and implicit memory
explicit - conscious (declarative) implicit - unconscious (non-declarative)
46
introspection
technique by Wundt attempt to carefully observe one's own mental experiences as they unfolded
47
problems of introspection
validity - may not have conscious access to most basic cognitive processes fallibility of memory - lacks accuracy reliability - subjective observations are hard to replicate
48
behaviourism
studied only outward behaviour - succeeded in predicting and modifying behaviour without needing to consider mental processes - then new findings were discovered that were unexplainable by behaviourists
49
Chomsky
linguistics - as children learn they make grammar errors that follow grammar rules, which cognitively represent language rules although just applied in the wrong circumstances - how did they know this? cognition
50
when can we multi-task
only when one task demands attentional resources
51
declarative memory
memories we have conscious access to - semantic - episodic
52
semantic memory
long-term capacity to recall words, concepts and numbers, essential for language
53
episodic
long-term ability to learn, store, and retrieve personal and unique experiences occurring in daily life
54
recall
mentally searching and retrieving information from long-term memory
55
reality monitoring
distinguishing between internal and external sources
56
interleaved practice
when you are learning two or more related concepts or skills, instead of focusing exclusively on one concept or skill at a time, it can be helpful to alternate between them
57
two strategies in elaboration
self-reference effect: better memory for material when you think about how it connects to you generation effect: better remember material we generate ourselves rather than material just memorised
58
state dependent learning
people will remember more information if they are doing the same thing when this information was first encoded, i.e. if John is studying while eating a big meal, he will remember the information he learnt when he was studying the next time he eats a big meal
59
Craik & Tulving (1975) found that
the deeper the encoding, the better the memory
60
what helps consolidate memory
- sleep - emotions - exercise
61
shallow coding
focus on surface level features
62
primed memory
prior exposure changes performance or judgement
63
conditioned memory
making associations between stimuli or between stimulus and response
64
procedural memory
skills and rules, patient H.M could still play the piano even though he couldn't remember ever learning it
65
unconscious memory
procedural, conditioned, primed
66
visuospatial sketchpad
working memory stores visual information briefly
67
episodic buffer
working memory integrates information into new representations
68
phonological loop
working memory stores auditory information briefly

Psychology 1B (6 decks)

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