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Psychology 1B > Abnormal > Flashcards

Abnormal Flashcards

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1
Q

Abnormal Psych (Defined, 1-4)

A
  1. statistically infrequent (not all infrequent characteristics are ‘abnormal’ (e.g smart people)
  2. violate social norms (although social expectations change over time)
  3. cause distress (although normal in some situations)
  4. cause impairment (some are still highly functional)
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2
Q

abnormal behaviour occurs in clusters

A
  • obsessions + compulsions
  • hallucinations + delusions
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3
Q

Emile Kraepelin

A

first to classify types of mental disorders, seperated into different entities

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4
Q

DSM-5

A

Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders

  • categorical
  • based on criteria
  • popular in Australia and USA
  • 300 mental disorders as of 2013
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5
Q

Monozygotic

A

twins conceived from one cell (identical)

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6
Q

dizygotic

A

twins conceived from two cells

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7
Q

influence of environment on gene

A

GxE interaction

even the most highly heritable disorders are far from being entirely heritable
- identical twins share 100% genes, only 48% risk

  • disorders are polygenetic
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8
Q

Diathesis Stress Model

A

individuals have genetic and biological vulnerabilities for developing disorder, which may be activated in the presence of certain life stressors

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9
Q

Caspi et al., 2005 (allele types predicting schiz)

A

groups of alleles:
- met/met
- met/val
- val/val

val/val highest likelihood of developing schizophrenia by 26

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10
Q

5HTT Serotonin-transporter Gene

A

difference in treatment in short/long alleles
- two short= highly severe maltreatment
- two long= least severe maltreatment
- one short/one long= moderate

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11
Q

Freud

A

id - basic drives
superego - moral standards
ego - manages id and superego

unresolved unconscious conflict cause stress on the ego and if defence mechanisms are overused then mental disorders are said to arise

defence mechanism: allows the ego to discharge id’s energy without allowing unconscious impulses into consciousness

projection: attributing one’s own unacceptable impulse to another person

reaction formation: converting unconscious impulses into their opposites

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12
Q

Behaviourist

A

changing client behaviour end up changing cognition, indirect

  • tabula rasa
  • maladaptive learned responses
  • CS –> CR
  • CS –> US –> UR
  • CS –> CR

positive reinforcement: performing action produces reward, likely to repeat

negative reinforcement: performing action that removes aversive event, likely to repeat

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13
Q

Cognitive

A

Beck’s ABC Model
- A - activating event
- B - beliefs
- C - consequences

depressed cognitive style - people with depression tend to view negative events as global, stable and internal

focus on a persons cognition, their beliefs

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14
Q

Historical treatment

A

trepanning - drilling into head to release evil spirits

lobotomy - severing connections to prefrontal cortex

mosquito therapy - giving malaria

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15
Q

Biological Therapies

A
  • pharmacological
  • antidepressants
  • anxiolytics
  • antipsychotics
  • ECT - treatment-refractory depression
  • Deep Brain Stimulation - treatment-refractory OCD
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16
Q

Psychological Therapies

A

combination of cognition and behaviour

Behavioural - exposure therapy to allow extinction learning, effective for anxiety, remove avoidance behaviours
- offering external and internal rewards

(internal) behavioural activation: therapist will work on getting the client engaged in pleasure-based, mastery-based activities

Cognitive Restructuring - thought challenging, evidence for and against a belief, persuade them that it isn’t realistic

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17
Q

most effective treatment

A

psychotherapy + pharmacotherapy

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18
Q

anxiety is

A
  • related to the fight or flight response (sympathetic nervous system)
  • including increased heart rate, blood pressure, hyperventilation
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19
Q

anxiety disorders include

A
  • specific phobia
  • panic disorder
  • social anxiety disorder
20
Q

common attributes of all anxiety disorders

A

excessive fear, overestimation of threat, significant distress or functional impairment, tend to avoid fear-inducing stimuli by engaging in safety behaviours

21
Q

Panic Attack

A

common in anxiety disorders
- increased heart palpitations, trembling, short of breath, chest pain, nausea, lightheaded, fear of losing control

22
Q

Panic Disorder

A
  1. presence of recurrent panic attacks
  2. persistent concern about have another attack
  • with/without agoraphobia (fear of situations that could trigger attack)
  • fear of bodily sensations and their consequences, misinterpretation of sensations
23
Q

Specific Phobia

A

irrational fear of a specific object or situation, interfering with an individual’s ability to function

  • exposure invariably provokes intense response
24
Q

Social Anxiety Disorder

A
  • ‘social phobia’
  • persistent fear of social or performance situations, humiliation, embarrassment or negative evaluation
  • exposure provokes anxiety
  • safety behaviours
25
Q

OCD

A

3% have mild, 0.5% severe

obsessions and compulsions
- obsession: repetitive behaviour or mental acts which the person suffering from obsessions performs in order to push obsession out of mind, relieve anxiety caused by obsession
- physical or mental compulsions

26
Q

most successful treatment to anxiety disorder

A

exposure therapy

27
Q

SSRI anxiety treatment

A

preferred because
- relatively non-addictive
- relatively mild side effects

28
Q

benzodiazepine anxiety treatment

A

fast acting but addictive
- can become a safety behaviour
- 90% relapse rate if discontinued

29
Q

MDD

A
  • one or more MDE
  • recurrent episodes are common

have to have 5 or more of the following in a 2 week period:
- depressed mood (essential)
- anhedonia (essential)
- weight loss
- insomnia
- fatigue
- psychomotor agitation
- worthlessness
- suicidal ideation

30
Q

PDD

A
  • less symptoms for longer than 2 years
  • milder, more chronic version
  • symptoms may persist unchanged over
31
Q

limitation to MDD classification

A

the number of symptoms required is arbitrary, why 5?

32
Q

Learned Helplessness (Seligman and Maier, 1967)

A

group 1: dog can escape shock
group 2: dog can’t escape shock

group 1 (88%) learned to escape shock, group 2 (25%) learned the way to escape shock despite still getting shocked

33
Q

Original to Modified Learned Helplessness

A

original: depression is underpinned by maladaptive learning, lack of control over life

modified: depressed believe they have no control over negative events, depression is caused by interaction of maladaptive learning and irrational maladaptive beliefs, instead of learning

34
Q

Bipolar I

A

manic episode typically alternative with MDE

35
Q

Bipolar II

A

hypomanic episodes alternative with MDE’s

36
Q

Manic Episode

A

abnormally and persistently elevated and expansive mood, lasting at least a week

  • grandiosity, talkative
  • reduced need for sleep
  • distractibility, irritability, flight of ideas
  • excessive involvement in pleasurable activities with negative consequences
37
Q

Pharmacology for bipolar

A
  • mood stabilisers
  • most common is lithium
  • mania stabilisers mostly, less effective for MDE
38
Q

CBT for bipolar

A
  • mania, motivational interviewing (especially for medication compliance)
  • behavioural activation for depression
39
Q

Schizophrenia

A
  • severe, ~1%
  • 18-30 age of onset
  • typically lifelong

symptoms: reality distortion (hallucinations and delusions), disorganisation, negative symptoms

40
Q

hallucinations in schizophrenia

A

reality distortion

abnormal perceptions - seeing, smelling what others can’t etc

  • auditory hallucinations most common, ~70%, typically critical or abusive towards patient
  • visual, tactical, olfactory also
41
Q

delusions in schizophrenia

A

abnormal beliefs, ~80%

paranoid delusions: person believes that others are trying to harm them

delusions of reference: person believes that the words of actions of strangers have special relevance to them

delusions of control: person believes their body is bring controlled by an external agent

42
Q

disorganisation in schizophrenia

A

disconnected or incomprehensible thought and speech, bizarre behaviour
- formal thought disorder (loose associations, word salad)
- inappropriate affect
- bizarre dress

43
Q

‘negative’ symptoms in schizophrenia

A

represent deficits in normal cognition and behaviour
- flat affect
- avolition (poverty of will)
- cognitive deterioration - highly salient decrease in IQ and executive functioning

44
Q

First-Rank Symptoms by Schneider

A
  • audible thoughts (thought echo)
  • voices arguing
  • voices commenting on one’s actions
  • delusions of control
  • delusions of thought insertion, thought withdrawal, thought broadcast
  • empirical studies suggest FRS are not unique to schizophrenia but more common in schizophrenia than other psychotic disorders
45
Q

Environmental Risk Factors of Schizophrenia

A

recreational drugs increase the risk, amphetamine ~10x
- amphetamine is a dopamine agonist (increases synaptic dopamine)

dopamine is involved in the etiology of psychotic symptoms
- produce similar symptoms to psychotic symptoms
- all antipsychotic medication blocks dopamine receptors, therapeutic dose strongly related to drugs binding affinity for D2 receptor

46
Q

Treatment for Schizophrenia

A

antipsychotic medication - common and most effective

psych therapy - strengthen use of pharmacology
- quality of life while taking meds

47
Q

cognitive distortions

A

Cognitive Distortions -

personalisation: believing others are behaving negatively because of you

black and white thinking: viewing a situation in two categories

emotional reasoning: beliefs that feelings shed more light on what is true than objective evidence

Psychology 1B (6 decks)

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