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AP Psychology > Memory and Learning > Flashcards

Memory and Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Associative learning

A

Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (operant conditioning)

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2
Q

Stimulus

A

Any event or situation that evokes a response

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3
Q

Respondent behavior

A

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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4
Q

Operant behavior

A

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

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5
Q

Cognitive learning

A

Acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

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6
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

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7
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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8
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

A stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers an unconditioned response

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9
Q

Unconditioned response

A

An unlearned, naturally occurring response (like salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (like food)

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10
Q

Conditioned response

A

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

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11
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

An originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

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12
Q

Acquisition

A

When one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

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13
Q

Higher-order conditioning

A

Procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. Like when you pair similar stimulus to the same response

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14
Q

Extinction

A

The diminishing if a classically conditioned response

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15
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

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16
Q

Generalization

A

The tendency to generalize similar stimuli to a stimuli that has a meaning

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17
Q

Discrimination

A

The ability to understand there is a difference between similar stimuli

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18
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Type of learning which behavior is strengthened by reinforcement or discouraged by punishment

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19
Q

Law of effect

A

Thorndike’s principle of behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and those with unfavorable consequences become less likely

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20
Q

Operant chamber

A

Also known as a Skinner box, a controlled box where different outcomes can be manipulated by the tester

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21
Q

Reinforcement

A

Operant conditioning, this helps strengthen the behavior it followed

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22
Q

Shaping

A

Reinforcers guide the behavior by reinforcing only when the subject gets progressively closer and closer to the desired behavior

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23
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Adding something to encourage behavior

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24
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Taking something away to encourage behavior

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25
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

A reinforcer that satisfies a biological need, like food

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26
Q

Secondary reinforcers

A

Something that can get a primary reinforcer, like money will buy food, also known as conditioned reinforcer

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27
Q

Reinforcement schedule

A

A pattern of reinforcement

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28
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

Reinforcement every time desires behavior occurs

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29
Q

Partial reinforcement schedule

A

Reinforcement given after a certain amount of correct responses. Takes longer to learn this way but more solidly learned

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30
Q

Fixed-ratio schedule

A

Reinforcement schedule only after a certain number of responses

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31
Q

Variable ratio schedule

A

Reinforcement after an unknown and unpredictable amount of responses

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32
Q

Fixed interval schedule

A

Reinforcement after a certain amount of time

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33
Q

Variable interval schedule

A

After an unknown and unpredictable amount of time there is reinforcement

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34
Q

Punishment

A

Used to decrease the behavior it follows

35
Q

Cognitive map

A

A mental representation of the layout of ones environment

36
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

37
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

A desire to preform a behavior effectively for its own sake

38
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised reward or avoid threatened punishment

39
Q

Observational learning

A

Learning by watching others

40
Q

Modeling

A

Process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

41
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Frontal lobe neurons which are believed to fire when they observe someone doing their action. Like yawning. They may enable imitation and empathy

42
Q

Pro social behavior

A

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior

43
Q

Recall

A

A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier

44
Q

Recognition

A

A measure of memory in which a person need only identify items preciously learned

45
Q

Relearning

A

A measure of memory by assessing the amount of time saves when learning material again

46
Q

encoding

A

The processing of information into the memory system

47
Q

Storage

A

The process of retaining encoded information over time

48
Q

Retrieval

A

The process of getting information out of memory storage

49
Q

Parallel processing

A

The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions

50
Q

Sensory memory

A

The immediate, brief recording of sensory information in memory system

51
Q

Short-term

A

The activated memory that holds a few items briefly, like 7 numbers, the information is stored briefly before forgotten

52
Q

Long term memory

A

The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory system, includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

53
Q

Working memory

A

A newer understanding of short term me toy that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long term memory

54
Q

Explicit memory

A

Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare
Also known as declarative memory

55
Q

Effort full processing

A

Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

56
Q

Automatic processing

A

Unconscious encoding of incidental information, like space and time and frequency and well learned information such as word meanings

57
Q

Implicit memory

A

Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations I depended of conscious recollection
Also known as nondeclarative memory

58
Q

Iconic memory

A

Sensory memory of visual stimuli, photograph of memory only lasting a few tenths of a second

59
Q

Echoic memory

A

Sensory memory of auditory stimuli

If attention is elsewhere a sound or word can bee recalled writhing 3 or 4 seconds

60
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing items into familiar manageable units

61
Q

Mnemonics

A

Memory aids

62
Q

Spacing effect

A

The tendency for distributed study or practice to have a better long term retention than massed study or practice

63
Q

Testing effect

A

You remember stuff better after being tested on it

64
Q

Shallow processing

A

Encoding on a basic level

65
Q

Deep processing

A

Processing stuff deeply and understanding the meaning of it

66
Q

Hippocampus

A

A neural center in the lambic system; helps process explicit memories for storage

67
Q

Memory consolidation

A

The neural storage of a long term memory

68
Q

Memory consolidation

A

The neural storage of a long term memory

69
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

70
Q

Long term potentiation

A

An increase in a cells firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be neural basis for learning and memory

71
Q

Priming

A

The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory

72
Q

Encoding specificity principle

A

The idea that cues and contexts specific to a parity lad memory will be most effective in helping us recall it

73
Q

Mood congruent memory

A

The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood

74
Q

Serial position effect

A

Our tendency to recall best the last (a decency effect) and first (primacy effect) items in a list

75
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

Inability to form new memories

76
Q

Retrograde amnesia

A

Inability to remember ones past

77
Q

Proactive interference

A

The forward acting disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information

78
Q

Retroactive interference

A

The backward acting disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information

79
Q

Repression

A

Basic defense mechanism that banished from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts and feelings and memories

80
Q

Reconsolidating

A

A process in which previously stores memories when they are retrieved are potentially altered before being stored again

81
Q

Misinformation effect

A

When misleading information has corrupted ones memory of an event

82
Q

Source amnesia

A

Attributing to the wrong event we have experienced, heard about, read about or imagined. Heart of many false memories

83
Q

Déjà vu

A

Cues from current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

84
Q

Learning

A

The process of acquiring through experience new information or behavior

AP Psychology (6 decks)

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