Memory and Forgetting

Question 1

The multi-store model (AKA information processing model) of memory describes memory as consisting of three levels. They are…?

Answer 1

• Sensory memory
• Short-term memory
• Long-term memory

Question 2

In the multi-store model of memory, this is responsible for the storage of incoming sensory information for a very brief period of time.

Answer 2

Sensory memory

Question 3

According to the multi-store model of memory, when attention is focused on information in sensory memory, it is transferred to short-term memory, which includes _____ and _____.

Answer 3

memory span (primary memory) and working memory (which is the ability to manipulate the memory span data)

Question 4

According to the multi-store model of memory, when information in short-term memory is adequately encoded, it is transferred to long-term memory, which includes _____ and _____.

Answer 4

Recent (secondary) memory and remote (tertiary) memory

Question 5

A person is asked to memorize a list of unrelated words and then asked to recall as many words as possible in any order either immediately or after a brief delay. When asked to recall the words immediately, a person is likely to exhibit both primacy and recency effects. When asked to recall the words after a brief delay, the person will exhibit only a primacy effect because words from the end of the list are no longer in short-term memory.

This is called ____?

Answer 5

Serial position effect

Question 6

According to Baddeley, the working memory aspect of short-term memory consists of a central executive and three subsystems.

They are _____?

Answer 6

• phonological loop,
• visuo-spatial sketchpad
• episodic buffer

Question 7

According to Baddeley’s Model of Working Memory, this is responsible for the temporary storage of verbal information.

Answer 7

Phonological loop

Question 8

According to Baddeley’s Model of Working Memory, this is responsible for coordinating all of the cognitive processes that involve working memory by directing attention to relevant info and ignoring irrelevant info.

Answer 8

Central executive

Question 9

According to Baddeley’s Model of Working Memory, this is responsible for the temporary storage of visual and spatial information.

Answer 9

Visuo-spatial sketchpad

Question 10

According to Baddeley’s Model of Working Memory, this is responsible for integrating verbal, spatial, and visual information, and linking working memory to long term memory.

Answer 10

Episodic buffer

Question 11

In long-term memory, these are memories for “knowing how.” For example, how to ride a bicycle.

Answer 11

Procedural memories

Question 12

In long-term memory, these are memories for “knowing what.” For example, knowing personal events or recalling learned information.

Answer 12

Declarative memory

Question 13

_____ long-term memories are memories for events that occurred in the past (as opposed to thinking of things that will occur in the future).

Answer 13

Retrospective

Question 14

_____ long-term memories are memories for events that will occur in the future.

Answer 14

Prospective

Question 15

This type of memory, also known as “nondeclarative memory” is recalled without conscious effort. Overlearned behaviors are an example of this.

Answer 15

Procedural or Implicit memory

Question 16

This type of memory, sometime used interchangeably with “declarative memory”, is recalled with deliberate, conscious effort.

Answer 16

Explicit memory

Question 17

This subtype of declarative memory refers to personally experienced events.

Answer 17

Episodic (autobiographical) memory

Question 18

This subtype of declarative memory refers to facts, concepts, and other acquired information.

Answer 18

Semantic memory

Question 19

This theory of forgetting attributes forgetting to the fading of memory traces over time.

Answer 19

Trace delay theory

Not well-supported by research

Question 20

This theory of forgetting attributes forgetting to the disruption of memories by previously acquired or more recently acquired information, especially when the memories are similar.

Answer 20

Interference theory

More well-supported than trace delay theory

Question 21

According to interference theory, this type of interference occurs when previously acquired information interferes with the ability to recall more recently acquired information.

Answer 21

Proactive interference

Example: Forgetting a new golf swing because of previous bad habits

Question 22

According to interference theory, this type of interference occurs when newly acquired information interferes with the ability to recall previously acquired information.

Answer 22

Retroactive interference

Question 23

This memory strategy - also known as “semantic encoding” - involves making new information meaningful by relating it to something you already know.

Answer 23

Elaborative rehearsal

Question 24

This memory strategy includes acronyms (OCEAN) and acrostics (My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nine Pickles), which are useful in memorizing lists of words.

Answer 24

Verbal mnemonics

Question 25

The keyword method (useful for linking two items by creating an image combining the two) and the method of loci (visually linking each word in a list to specific objects in familiar locations) are both examples of this memory strategy.

Answer 25

Visual imagery mnemonics

Question 26

According to this, retrieval from long-term memory is maximized when the conditions at the time of learning (encoding) new information are the same as the conditions at the time of recall. According to this hypothesis, this occurs because learning conditions serve as retrieval cues.

Answer 26

Encoding specificity hypothesis

Question 27

This memory strategy is also known as the testing effect and refers to the benefits of repeatedly recalling formation during the learning process by taking practice exams and using flashcards.

Answer 27

Practice testing

Question 28

This theory from Tolman was demonstrated when rats in a maze formed a cognitive map of the maze without being reinforced.

Answer 28

Latent learning

Might not be actually demonstrated until reinforced though.

Question 29

Bandura’s theory of observational learning is dependent on four processes:

Answer 29

• Attention
• Retention (memory)
• Production (imitation)
• Motivation

Question 30

Kohler’s research with chimpanzees demonstrating that learning can be the result of “Aha!” experiences is referred to as…

Answer 30

Insight learning

Question 31

This theory of forgetting (also known as “cue-dependent forgetting”) refers to the inability to recall information from long-term memory due to inadequate retrieval cues.

Answer 31

Retrieval cue failure