Classical Conditioning (Combined)

Question 1

In classical conditioning, when the CS proceeds and overlaps the US, this is known as _____?

Answer 1

delay conditioning

Thought to be the most effective classical conditioning method.

Question 2

In classical conditioning, when the CS is presented and terminated just before the US is presented, this is known as _____?

Answer 2

Trace conditioning

Question 3

In classical conditioning, when the CS and US are presented and terminated at the same time, this is known as _____?

Answer 3

Simultaneous conditioning

Question 4

In classical conditioning, when the US is presented before the CS, this is known as _____ ?

Answer 4

Backwards conditioning (most ineffective)

Question 5

This occurs when, after the CS is repeatedly presented without the US, the CS no longer produces a CR.

Answer 5

Classical extinction

Question 6

This occurs when a CR returns after it was apparently extinguished.

Answer 6

Spontaneous recovery

Question 7

This occurs when stimuli similar to the original CS elicit the CR without ever being paired with the US.

Answer 7

Stimulus generalization

Question 8

In classical conditioning, this is the ability to discriminate between the CS and similar stimuli.

Answer 8

Stimulus discrimination

Question 9

This occurs when pre-exposure to a neutral stimulus alone on multiple occasions prior to conditioning trials reduces the likelihood that the stimulus will become a CS and elicit a CR when it’s subsequently paired with a US.

Answer 9

Latent inhibition

Question 10

This involves treating a CS (e.g., a ringing bell) as an unconditioned stimulus and pairing it with a neutral stimulus (e.g., a blinking light) so that the neutral stimulus also becomes a CS and elicits the CR (e.g., salivation) when presented alone.

Answer 10

Higher-order conditioning

Question 11

This occurs when two or more stimuli are presented together and includes blocking and overshadowing.

Answer 11

Compound conditioning

Question 12

This form of compound conditioning occurs when conditioning trials are first used to establish an association between one neutral stimulus (e.g., a ringing bell) and a US (e.g., meat powder) by repeatedly pairing presentation of the neutral stimulus with the US. Then, when the neutral stimulus becomes a CS and elicits a CR when presented alone, it’s repeatedly presented simultaneously with a second neutral stimulus (e.g., a flashing light) just before presenting the US. In this situation, classical conditioning of the first neutral stimulus blocks classical conditioning of the second neutral stimulus, and the second neutral stimulus never becomes a CS.

Answer 12

Blocking

Question 13

This form of compound conditioning occurs when two neutral stimuli are, from the start, repeatedly presented together before the US. In this situation, the two stimuli will elicit a CR when presented together; however, when each stimulus is presented alone, the more salient (stronger) stimulus produces a CR, but the less salient (weaker) stimulus does not.

Answer 13

Overshadowing

Question 14

This classical intervention uses classical extinction to eliminate an anxiety response and is based on two assumptions. The first assumption is that anxiety-arousing stimuli that do not ordinarily elicit anxiety (e.g., elevators, crowds, white rats) become conditioned stimuli and begin to elicit anxiety because, at some time in the past, they were paired with an unconditioned stimulus that naturally elicited anxiety. The second assumption is that the conditioned fear response never extinguishes because the person avoids the conditioned stimulus in order to avoid experiencing fear.

Answer 14

Exposure with response prevention

Question 15

Exposure with response prevention can take the form of two delivery lengths:

Answer 15

• Flooding
• Graded exposure

In order to be effective, the session should continue until the client experiences a significant reduction of anxiety.

Question 16

This is a type of exposure with response prevention that’s used to treat substance use disorders. It involves exposing a client to cues (conditioned stimuli) associated with a substance while prohibiting him/her from using the substance.

Answer 16

Cue Exposure Therapy (CET)

Question 17

This is a type of exposure therapy that’s always conducted in imagination and incorporates psychodynamic elements.

Answer 17

Implosive therapy

Question 18

This form for counterconditioning was developed by Joseph Wolpe as a treatment for phobic anxiety and involves three steps: (1) The client learns deep muscle relaxation or other procedure that produces a state of relaxation. (2) The client and therapist create an anxiety hierarchy, which is a list of stimuli that cause low to high levels of anxiety. (3) The client imagines the stimuli included the hierarchy and uses the relaxation procedure while doing so.

Answer 18

Systematic desensitization

Question 19

This form of counterconditioning is used to treat addictions and other self-reinforcing behaviors. When using this, stimuli associated with the problem behavior are paired with an unconditioned stimulus that naturally produces an unpleasant response that’s incompatible with the reinforcing response.

Answer 19

Aversion therapy (AKA aversive counterconditioning)