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Neuro > Memory and Cognitive Thinking > Flashcards

Memory and Cognitive Thinking Flashcards

1
Q

What is cognition?

A

Relates to highest order of brain function and relates to behaviour that deals with though processing
Is the integration of all sensory information to make sense of a situation

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2
Q

What does making sense require?

A

Remembering events and learning from them which requires motivation

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3
Q

Describe the association areas of the brain

A

Integrate information from multiple sources, rather than being concerned with one specific subject
Multiple parallel processing units
Processing required for cognition

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4
Q

What are the main association areas of the brain?

A

Motor
Prefrontal
Sensory
Visual
Auditory

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5
Q

What are the 3 components of learning and memory?

A

Hippocampus - formation of memories
Cortex - storage of memories
Thalamus - searches and assesses memories

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6
Q

Where are memories formed?

A

In the limbic system
Has important connection with neo cortex, in temporal and frontal lobes - makes situations of info through learning

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7
Q

What is the main function of the limbic system?

A

Gives emotional significance to events - essential for memory

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8
Q

What are the 4 distinct areas of the limbic system?

A

Hypothalamus - ANS responses
Hippocampus - memory
Cingulate gyrus
Amygdala - emotion

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9
Q

What are the areas of limbic system responsible for?

A

Instinctive behaviour - thirst, sex, hunger and emotional behaviours are driven by seeking reward or avoiding punishment

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10
Q

What are the 2 areas of the limbic system?

A

Reward areas - intense feelings of well being, euphoria and sexual arousal
Punishment areas - fear/terror, anger or pain
These are central aspects for learning

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11
Q

What happens to experiences that are neither rewarding or punishing?

A

They are barely remembered as insignificant - forgotten
Frontal cortex of brain assesses the significance of the event

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12
Q

Describe the hippocampus

A

All sensory info comes through here
In turn it relays the info to other limbic system structures
Is essential for formation of memories

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13
Q

What happens if you have bilateral hippocampal damage?

A

Have immediate sensory memory and intact long term memory from before damage but unable to form new long term memories
Reflective memory remains intact

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14
Q

What can memory be divided into?

A

Immediate or sensory memory
Short term memory
Immediate long term memory
Long term memory

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15
Q

What is immediate or sensory memory?

A

A few seconds
Ability to hold experiences in mind for a few seconds based on different sensory modalities
Visual memories delay fast and auditory is slowest

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16
Q

What is short term memory?

A

Seconds to hours - called working memory
Used for short term tasks - phone numbers, mental arithmetic, sentence
Associated with reverberating circuits

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17
Q

What is immediate long term memory?

A

Hours to weeks
Associated with chemical adaption at the presynaptic terminal

18
Q

What is long term memory?

A

Can be life long
Associated with structural changes in synaptic connections

19
Q

Describe short term memory and reverberating circuits

A

Each synapse in a reverberating circuit is excitatory and hence a brief excitatory stimulus causing long lasting neuronal activity in all neurons of pathway

20
Q

What is the short term memory is deemed significant?

A

Reverberation results in consolidation of the memory into long term memory storage

21
Q

What if reverberation is disrupted?

A

Memory loss - amnesia
Usually if effect to hippocampus or thalamus

22
Q

What are the 2 types of amnesia?

A

Anterograde - cannot form new memories
Retrograde - cannot access old memories

23
Q

Describe anterograde amnesia

A

Inability to recall events that happen after the injury
Can be short lived or permanent
Destruction of hippocampus - permanent inability to form new memories

24
Q

Describe retrograde amnesia

A

Cant remember events leading up to the injury but events that happened a long time ago can be recalled - as more deeply imbedded

25
Q

What happens if hippocampus is spared but thalamus damaged?

A

Retrograde amnesia seen

26
Q

Describe the chemical changes in presynaptic terminal in intermediate long term memory

A

Increasing Ca entry to presynaptic terminals which increases neurotransmitter release

27
Q

What structural changes at synapses are involved in long term memory?

A

Increases in NT release sites on presynaptic membrane
Increase in number of NT vesicles stored and released
Increase in number of presynaptic terminals

28
Q

Describe long term potentiation

A

Increased amplitude in graded membrane potential in post synaptic cell - strengthens the synapse
Forms basis of much learning and memory

29
Q

What are the 2 main types of long term memory?

A

Declarative or explicit memory
Procedural/ reflective/ implicit memory

30
Q

Describe declarative or explicit memory

A

Abstract memory for events and for words, rules and languages
Relies heavily on hippocampus

31
Q

Describe procedural/ reflective/ implicit memory

A

Acquired slowly through repetition
Includes motor memory for acquired motor skills
Biased mainly in cerebellum and is independent of hippocampus

32
Q

Describe consolidation

A

How short term memory is converted to long term memory
Involves selective strengthening of synaptic connection through repetition - during this period memory is vulnerable of being wiped out

33
Q

What is memory recall dependant on?

A

Significance of events - brain gives attention to significant events

34
Q

Where are new memories stored?

A

Coded then stored in sensory and association areas of cortex
Coding results in new memories being stored by others that seem similar

35
Q

What happens if experience is considered useful?

A

The frontal cortex gates the papez circuit - which includes hippocampus, mammillary bodies, anterior thalamus and cingulate gyrus in circle

36
Q

Where does reverberating activity continue between?

A

Papez circuit, frontal cortex, sensory and association areas until consolidation process is complete

37
Q

Where is each component of memory stored?

A

In different relevant parts of cortex

38
Q

Describe Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

Chronic alcoholism - there is a vitamin B1 deficiency which leads to damage of limbic system structures so ability to consolidate memory is impaired

39
Q

Describe Alzheimer’s disease

A

Severe loss of cholinergic neurons through out the brain including the hippocampus
Gross impairment on memory
Anti-cholinesterase can help

40
Q

Describe REM sleep and memory

A

Is important for memory - dreaming may enable memory consolidation and reinforce weak circuits

Neuro (40 decks)

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