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Adults and cognition 1 > Memory and attention > Flashcards

Memory and attention Flashcards

1
Q

What was the old model of working memory?

A
  1. called ‘short term memory’
  2. thought of as a storage depot
  3. length of maintenance rehearsal determines likelihood of long term storage
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2
Q

Who developed the working memory model?

A

Baddely

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3
Q

What was different about Baddely’s working memory model?

A

emphasised the nature of processing mechanisms over the length of time held in the store

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4
Q

Define maintenance

A

mentally holding info for brief periods after actual stimulus presentation is over

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5
Q

What is manipulation?

A

performing a mental operation on info over and above maintenance

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6
Q

What is the modern idea of working memory?

A
  1. made of processes that serve maintenance and manipulation function
  2. operates in multiple sensory-perceptual modalities
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7
Q

What are the components of working memory?

A
  1. central executive
  2. phonological loop
  3. episodic buffer
  4. visuospatial sketchpad
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8
Q

What is the central executive?

A
  1. modality free
  2. attention like
  3. resource allocator
  4. linked to subsystems
  5. may link to long term memory
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9
Q

What is the phonological loop?

A
  1. processes speech-based info
  2. storage buffer
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10
Q

What is the visuospatial sketchpad?

A
  1. processes visuospatial info
  2. storage buffer
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11
Q

What is the episodic buffer?

A

1, processes diverse info
2. demanding of central executive
3. holds, integrates, and binds info together, including from other sub-systems

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12
Q

What is declarative long term memory also known as?

A

explicit memory

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13
Q

What are the subtypes of declarative LTM?

A
  1. semantic
  2. episodic
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14
Q

What is semantic LTM?

A

facts in the broadest sense

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15
Q

What is episodic LTM?

A

events over time

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16
Q

How is declarative memory linked to communication?

A

stored info (e.g. facts, events, items) are necessary for speech, language, literacy, social interaction

17
Q

How might working memory be assessed?

A

digit span immediate recall (forwards and backwards)

18
Q

How might LTM be assessed?

A

word lists, sentence/story recall after a longer interval

19
Q

How might verbal fluency be tested?

A

e.g. name as many animals as you can in one minute

20
Q

How does verbal fluency use memory?

A
  1. needs LTM to access stored items
  2. need WM to monitor spoken items and not repeat them
21
Q

Define sensation

A

the effect of a stimulus on sensory organs

22
Q

Define perception

A

the elaboration and interpretation of a sensory stimulus based on our knowledge

23
Q

What is the order of cognitive processes occurring when we hear someone speak?

A
  1. sensory reception (speech sounds)
  2. sensory processing (temporal and spectral waveform features)
  3. perception (speech sounds)
  4. memory (stored speech sounds and combined speech sounds)
24
Q

What is attention?

A

from a psychological perspective, can be used to describe various behaviours, cognitive processes, and states of being

25
Q

What are the main parts of attention?

A
  1. physical orientation
  2. cognitive resource allocation
26
Q

What is physical orientation?

A
  1. putting the sensory system within gathering range of the stimulus
  2. move as needed to achieve this
  3. overt attention
27
Q

What is cognitive resource allocation?

A
  1. filtering stimuli from sensory-perceptual input so certain elements are available for further processing
  2. diverting focus between cognitive processes to prioritise
  3. sustained concentration over time
  4. covert attention
28
Q

What experiment is a famous example of inattentional blindness?

A

Gorillas in the midst

29
Q

What is the dichotic listening technique and shadowing?

A

One message is played to the left ear and another to the right. The listener repeats one message while both are presented

30
Q

What did the experiment using the dichotic listening techniques show?

A
  1. little info recalled from non-shadowed ear
  2. initially thought that only the attended message was processed from secondary perceptual info to memory
  3. however, experience improved recall of non-shadowed message
31
Q

What test can be used to assess higher order cognitive attention?

A

the stroop test

32
Q

What were the results of the stroop test?

A
  1. speed reading was the fastest
  2. speed ink colour naming where the written words read different colour to ink was the slowest
33
Q

How is attention related to perception?

A
  1. overt physical orientation shapes sensory input
  2. covert filtering will shape perception
  3. covert prioritising of info will shape memory and higher order cognitive function

Adults and cognition 1 (7 decks)

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