Memory Flashcards
What are the 3 stages of memory?
- Encoding - transformation
- Storage - retention
- Retrieval - recovery
Memory failure can be at any stage
What is the primacy effect?
The ability to learn the first words in a list of words - this contributes to long term memory
What is the recency effect?
The ability to learn a word that appears later In a list - this contributes to short term memory
What is the name of the curve that the above information corresponds too?
The serial position curve
Give two features of echoic memory
Has recency effect
Sound lingers
Is phonological
Give two features of iconic memory
No recency effect
Image quickly fades
Is visual
What is the 7+_ 2 rule?
Generally, people have limited capacity of remembering 7 items in a list, plus minus 2
What is displacement?
When words are replaced by numbers
Give 3 findings of the SF case study
No rehearsal = no maintenance
Counting backwards causes a loss of recency
Primacy is improved by rehearsal and elaboration
Give 3 types of long term memory
- Episodic - autobiographical e.g when did you last ride a bicycle?
- Semantic - knowledge about the world e.g what is a bicycle?
- Procedural - skills based - e.g how do you ride a bicycle?
How can we enhance long term memory?
Luria’s case study
Adding meaningful connections
- elaboratin
- mnemonics
- eidetic imagery: memory as visual percepts
- synaesthesia; crossing sensory modalities; multiple percepts
What is hyperthymesia?
a superior autobiographical memory (can recall nearly all occurrences in his or her life) – irrepressible stream of memories impairs cognitive performance
What is explicit (declarative) memory?
Explicit/declarative memory is “knowing that” – it contributes to working memory and
long term memory via consolidation in the hippocampus. Examples are episodic and
semantic memory
What is implicit (procedural) memory?
Implicit/procedural memory is information acquisition that bypasses consciousness.
Examples are skills and classical conditioning. It uses the basal ganglia and cerebellum.
How can you make recall of information easier?
If its in the same context as encoding
