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Skill Acquisition > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is memory?

A

The system that enables the storage of information and the process of storing and retrieving information

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2
Q

What are the three primary processes of memory?

A

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

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3
Q

What is encoding?

A

Encode information and putting it into active memory

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4
Q

What is storage?

A

consolidation of working memories into long term memory

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5
Q

What is active memory (working memory)?

A

Consciousness. Work on information that comes in.

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6
Q

What is the cognitive based theories of memory?

A

Memories are stored in parts, when retrieved they are brought together through rin convergence centres

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7
Q

What is the dynamical systems theory of memory?

A

Patterns form by self organisation. An individual’s memory is influenced by environmental features during formation and recall

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8
Q

What is procedural (implicit) memory?

A

Knowing how to do something (automated)

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9
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Events (autobiographical). where and when.

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10
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

knowledge of facts

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11
Q

What are the two independent memory systems?

A

Procedural

Declarative/Explicit

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12
Q

What is declarative/explicit memory? sub types?

A

knowledge we can declare. Semantic (facts) and episodic (events)

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13
Q

How do experts and novices use memory differently?

A

Expert have richer semantic memory of skill related facts

Novices have richer episodic memory of skill performances

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14
Q

Explain the expert-monitoring hypothesis? (choking)

A

Poor skill performance often results when experts attempt to use declarative memory to perform skills encoded in procedural form

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15
Q

What are the 3 stages of memory?

A
  1. sensory
  2. short term memory (conscious)
  3. Long term memory
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16
Q

What is sensory memory duration and storage capacity?

A

> 1 second duration

unlimited storage

17
Q

What is short term memory duration and storage capacity?

A

duration 20-30 secs

storage 7 +/- 2 items

18
Q

What is long term memory duration and capacity?

A

permanent and unlimited

19
Q

What are the ways practice can be setup to take advantage of memory? (5)

A
  • Chunking 7+/-2 meaningful units for instruction
  • Primary-recency or serial order effect to facilitate consolidation in LTM
  • Distributed practice schedules
  • Priming
  • Cues
  • Restful sleep (6-8 hrs)
20
Q

What is forgetting?

A

the loss of the ability to retrieve information from memory

21
Q

What is trace decay theory?

A

the fading of a memory trace overtime to explain forgetting in sensory and STM

22
Q

What are the practice guidelines to reduce interference? (2)

A
  • similarity and temporal closeness affect interference
  • separate similar skills within a practice session
  • prefer proactive inhibition over retroactive inhibition for new skills (practice new skills later in session)
23
Q

What is interference theory? what are the 2 types?

A

memories encoded into long-term storage may fail to be retrieved into STM because other memories stored in the system block retrieval. Pro-active and Retroactive inhibition.

24
Q

What is Retroactive inhibition?

A

the interference of newer memories with retrieval of older memories

25
Q

What is proactive inhibition?

A

the interference of older memories with the learning and retrieval of newer memories

26
Q

What is the encoding specificity principle?

A

skills executed in situations similar to those in which they are learned will be better remembered and performed

27
Q

What is the Von Restorft effect?

A

Meaningful or dramatic information presented in the middle of a session increases the likelihood of it being retained

28
Q

What is the primary-recency effect?

A

information presented at the beginning or ending of a practice session is more readily learned than is information in the middle of practice

29
Q

What is priming?

A

brief introduction of new info prior to the time it is practiced; increases the likeliness of it being learned

Skill Acquisition (7 decks)

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