Memory

Question 1

Define recall

Answer 1

have to produce memories items using minimal retrieval cues (short answer questions; pulled entirely from your memory)

Question 2

Define recognition

Answer 2

conscious knowledge of whether something has been previously encountered

Question 3

What is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?

Answer 3

You know something but can’t say it. The best way to remember is to forget about it and move on because it will come back to you

Question 4

Define encoding

Answer 4

environmental information is translated into a meaningful entity (putting new info into brain & studying/reading/learning)

Question 5

Define storage

Answer 5

maintain encoded information over time (keeping info in brain - retention)

Question 6

Define retrieval

Answer 6

pull from memory information previously encoded and stored there (take exam and pull info out)

Question 7

Define sensory memory

Answer 7

system that holds information for a fraction of a second after the stimulus disappears

Question 8

Define iconic memory

Answer 8

sensory memory for vision (double-take)

Question 9

How did Sperling study iconic memory (1960)?

Answer 9

flashed block of letters for 1/20 of a second -> then asked Ps to recall top, middle, or bottom row

Question 10

Define echoic memory

Answer 10

sensory memory for hearing
if someone’s telling you a story and ask if you’re listening, you were ‘t listening but you’re able to recall what they said

Question 11

Define short term memory

Answer 11

for information that is available to consciousness for about 20-30 seconds

Question 12

What is the capacity of short term memory?

Answer 12

7+- 2 “magical #7”

Question 13

Capacity of long term memory

Answer 13

unlimited capacity

Question 14

Define selective attention

Answer 14

the process by which we focus on important information (focus on convo with 1 person in a loud environment; weapon focus)

Question 15

Define inattentional blindness

Answer 15

can sense but not perceive stimulus

Question 16

Define change blindness

Answer 16

lack of detection of changes in stimuli (you don’t notice if someone gets a haircut)

Question 17

Define explicit memory

Answer 17

conscious recollection of material from long-term memory (declarative; you can say it)

Question 18

Define implicit memory

Answer 18

not brought to mind consciously, but expressed in behavior (nondeclarative; can’t say it)

Question 19

Define declarative memory

Answer 19

same as explicit; memory of facts, rules, concepts, events

Question 20

Define semantic memory

Answer 20

memory of general knowledge

Question 21

Define episodic memory

Answer 21

memory of personally experienced events

Question 22

Define procedural memory

Answer 22

memory for the performance of skills

Question 23

Define chunking

Answer 23

organizing information into small, meaningful bits to aid memory

Question 24

Define mneumonies

Answer 24

strategies and tricks for improving memory (acronyms)

Question 25

Maintenance vs elaborative rehersal

Answer 25

maintenance is repeating out loud while elaborative is thinking about the meaning of the info; the latter is more effective

Question 26

What is Craik and Tulving’s level of processing theory (1975)?

Answer 26

information can be processed at different depths, from shallow to deep

Question 27

What is shallow processing?

Answer 27

superficial features such as physical appearance (maintenance rehearsal)

Question 28

What is deep processing?

Answer 28

meaning (elaborative rehearsal)

Question 29

What was their study with CHAIR, brain, doll?

Answer 29

The deepest processing is if you can put the word in a sentence rather than asking if the word is in capital letters and it proved that deep processing is 96% effective

Question 30

Define context dependent memory

Answer 30

environment in which something is learned serves as cue for retrieval (what’s going on outside of you, studying for an exam in the lecture hall where you will take the exam)

Question 31

Define state dependent memory

Answer 31

tendency to remember something when the individual is in the same physical or mental state as during the original learning or experience (music while studying)

Question 32

What is the serial position effect?

Answer 32

tendency for recall of the first and last items on a list to surpass recall of items in the middle of the list

Question 33

Define primary and recency effect

Answer 33

primary - better recall for items at the beginning of the list
recency - better recall for items at the end of the list

Question 34

anterograde vs retrograde amnesia

Answer 34

anterograde - new info not maintained

retrograde - can’t remember info before injury

Question 35

Is eyewitness testimony reliable? What was found in Loftus’s (1974) study (hit vs. smashed)?

Answer 35

No because they can make something up and actually believe it even if it didn’t happen (memory reconsolidation). When hit and smashed were used, the answers to the responses differed in 10mph.