Memory Flashcards
What are the different types of memory?
- Sensory Information Storage (SIS)
- Short Term Memory (STM)
- Long Term Memory (LTM)
What is Phi Phenomena?
Optical illusion of perceiving a series of still images, when viewed in rapid succession, as continuous motion.
Is used to create apparent movement in animations.
What is the relevance of sensory memory?
- Your user will recall an image or snippet of sound for a few seconds after exposure. It is very high resolution. The user will then have to do something with it to keep it longer.
- The user’s brain will fill in the gaps (the Phi Phenomena) which can make things appear to move.
- New content will clear the old from memory. Backward masking can make the original content inaccessible, so give the user a moment to process.
What is Short Term Memory?
Working Memory or STM, holds the interpretation of the sensory Information (sound/image) for about 20 secs.
If a sentence is spoken, SIS holds the sounds, but STM holds the word/meaning.
Absence of ________________ makes it difficult for users to understand where they are in the site’s navigational structure.
Strong visual cues
Navigation between screens creates _______________
Loss of context
How is Sensory memory transferred to STM?
Content in sensory memory is encoded when it is transferred into STM.
________________ is the process of creating a memory from any stimulus.
Encoding
_____________ makes remembering information easier.
Chunking
What is Long Term Memory?
Where information is stored for more than 20secs to a lifetime.
Once info is in the LTM, you can onky retrieve the interpretation of the event.
No limit on the amount of info stored in LTM
What happens to Memory stored in LTM?
Memories are reconstructed from stored information about the event and other memories.
It can mix parts of different memories. Include memories from personal experience. Fill in gaps with probable events.
Most of the memories did not happen the way we remember. We only retrieve the interpretation.
Why is choosing the words important in witness interviews?
The wording of question can impact/influence memory.
People can accurately describe how they behaved or what their impressions were. True or False?
False.
Observing user behavior is more accurate than having user recall their own behaviour
If you had to choose the word between “Download” or “Downstream”, which would you choose? why?
Download.
Supporting memory : to avoid conflict between known word meanings and new uses.
Which is stronger : Recall vs. Recognition?
Recall : Pull info from memory without cues
Recognition : Identify info with cues
Recognition is easier than recall.
What is the best way to chunk content to improve memory?
The 3-4 rule : 3-4 chunks and 3-4 items per chunk
How does repetition enhance LTM?
Lots of repetition helps retain memory longer.
Increasing the amount of time between repetitions enhances LTM.
People remember best when they try to recall the item repeatedly, with increasing delays.
What is the method of Loci (Spatial Memory) ?
It is a method of memorizing information by placing each item to be remembered at a point along an imaginary journey.
Eg : Acronyms and Mnemonics
What are Primacy and Recency Effects?
Primacy : People remember the first thing they experience.
Recency : People remember what they experienced most recently, UNLESS there is an interference, which leads to the Suffix Effect.
What is Zeigarnik Effect?
We tend to remember things which are not completed or lack closure.
Eg : Jigsaw puzzle
Name ways by which you can help your user remember.
- Recognition instead of recall
- Repetition
- Association
- Spatial Location
- Mnemonics
- Primacy/Recency
- Zeigarnik Effect
What is a schema?
A schema is a packet of information with fixed cues and variable cues.
Eg : Schema of head assumes eyes, ears, nose. but a moustache and glasses are optional.
A schema can contain other schema.
Eg : A head contains eyes, which have eye lashes, whites, pupils.
What is the relevance of schema?
- know your users schema and design around it. Then you don’t have to force the user to learn a lot to use your application.
- Hang new knowledge on existing schemata. Make associations with what is known.
What is Confirmation Bias?
The tendancy to search for, interpret, favour, and recall information in a way that confirms one’s preexisting beliefs or hypothesis.
Also called the self fulfilling prophesy.
What is the Filter Bubble?
Intellectual isolation that results from personalised searches.
You automatically see only what you like, which then confirms your biases.
Once users have an existing schema it will be hard to change. True or False?
True.
- They interpret everything to confirm their ideas.
- They avoid looking at things that would require them to revise a belief.
- Confirmation bias : Users will tend to notice things and evaluate designs based on biases.
